com.google.common.escape

Class Escaper

java.lang.Object

com.google.common.escape.Escaper

Direct Known Subclasses:

CharEscaper, UnicodeEscaper

@Beta
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class Escaper
extends Object

An object that converts literal text into a format safe for inclusion in a particular context (such as an XML document). Typically (but not always), the inverse process of "unescaping" the text is performed automatically by the relevant parser.

For example, an XML escaper would convert the literal string "Foo<Bar>" into "Foo<Bar>" to prevent "<Bar>" from being confused with an XML tag. When the resulting XML document is parsed, the parser API will return this text as the original literal string "Foo<Bar>".

An Escaper instance is required to be stateless, and safe when used concurrently by multiple threads.

Because, in general, escaping operates on the code points of a string and not on its individual char values, it is not safe to assume that escape(s) is equivalent to escape(s.substring(0, n)) + escape(s.substing(n)) for arbitrary n. This is because of the possibility of splitting a surrogate pair. The only case in which it is safe to escape strings and concatenate the results is if you can rule out this possibility, either by splitting an existing long string into short strings adaptively around surrogate pairs, or by starting with short strings already known to be free of unpaired surrogates.

The two primary implementations of this interface are CharEscaper and UnicodeEscaper. They are heavily optimized for performance and greatly simplify the task of implementing new escapers. It is strongly recommended that when implementing a new escaper you extend one of these classes. If you find that you are unable to achieve the desired behavior using either of these classes, please contact the Java libraries team for advice.

Several popular escapers are defined as constants in classes like HtmlEscapers, XmlEscapers, and SourceCodeEscapers. To create your own escapers, use CharEscaperBuilder, or extend CharEscaper or UnicodeEscaper.

Since:

15.0

Author:

David Beaumont

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Modifier	Constructor and Description
protected	Escaper() Constructor for use by subclasses.

Method Summary

Methods

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
Function<String,String>	asFunction() Returns a Function that invokes escape(String) on this escaper.
abstract String	escape(String string) Returns the escaped form of a given literal string.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

Escaper

protected Escaper()

Constructor for use by subclasses.

Method Detail

escape

public abstract String escape(String string)

Returns the escaped form of a given literal string.

Note that this method may treat input characters differently depending on the specific escaper implementation.

• UnicodeEscaper handles UTF-16 correctly, including surrogate character pairs. If the input is badly formed the escaper should throw IllegalArgumentException.
• CharEscaper handles Java characters independently and does not verify the input for well formed characters. A CharEscaper should not be used in situations where input is not guaranteed to be restricted to the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).

Parameters:

string - the literal string to be escaped

Returns:

the escaped form of string

Throws:

NullPointerException - if string is null

IllegalArgumentException - if string contains badly formed UTF-16 or cannot be escaped for any other reason

asFunction

public final Function<String,String> asFunction()

Returns a Function that invokes escape(String) on this escaper.