Package com.google.common.util.concurrent

Class ClosingFuture<V>

  • Type Parameters:
    V - the type of the value of this step
    @Beta
@DoNotMock("Use ClosingFuture.from(Futures.immediate*Future)")
public final class ClosingFuture<V>
extends Object
    A step in a pipeline of an asynchronous computation. When the last step in the computation is complete, some objects captured during the computation are closed.

    A pipeline of ClosingFutures is a tree of steps. Each step represents either an asynchronously-computed intermediate value, or else an exception that indicates the failure or cancellation of the operation so far. The only way to extract the value or exception from a step is by declaring that step to be the last step of the pipeline. Nevertheless, we refer to the "value" of a successful step or the "result" (value or exception) of any step.

    1. A pipeline starts at its leaf step (or steps), which is created from either a callable block or a ListenableFuture.
    2. Each other step is derived from one or more input steps. At each step, zero or more objects can be captured for later closing.
    3. There is one last step (the root of the tree), from which you can extract the final result of the computation. After that result is available (or the computation fails), all objects captured by any of the steps in the pipeline are closed.

    Starting a pipeline

    Start a ClosingFuture pipeline from a callable block that may capture objects for later closing. To start a pipeline from a ListenableFuture that doesn't create resources that should be closed later, you can use from(ListenableFuture) instead.

    Derived steps

    A ClosingFuture step can be derived from one or more input ClosingFuture steps in ways similar to FluentFutures:
    • by transforming the value from a successful input step,
    • by catching the exception from a failed input step, or
    • by combining the results of several input steps.
    Each derivation can capture the next value or any intermediate objects for later closing.

    A step can be the input to at most one derived step. Once you transform its value, catch its exception, or combine it with others, you cannot do anything else with it, including declare it to be the last step of the pipeline.

    Transforming

    To derive the next step by asynchronously applying a function to an input step's value, call transform(ClosingFunction, Executor) or transformAsync(AsyncClosingFunction, Executor) on the input step.

    Catching

    To derive the next step from a failed input step, call catching(Class, ClosingFunction, Executor) or catchingAsync(Class, AsyncClosingFunction, Executor) on the input step.

    Combining

    To derive a ClosingFuture from two or more input steps, pass the input steps to whenAllComplete(Iterable) or whenAllSucceed(Iterable) or its overloads.

    Cancelling

    Any step in a pipeline can be cancelled, even after another step has been derived, with the same semantics as cancelling a Future. In addition, a successfully cancelled step will immediately start closing all objects captured for later closing by it and by its input steps.

    Ending a pipeline

    Each ClosingFuture pipeline must be ended. To end a pipeline, decide whether you want to close the captured objects automatically or manually.

    Automatically closing

    You can extract a Future that represents the result of the last step in the pipeline by calling finishToFuture(). When that final Future is done, all objects captured by all steps in the pipeline will be closed. 
    
 FluentFuture<UserName> userName =
     ClosingFuture.submit(
             closer -> closer.eventuallyClose(database.newTransaction(), closingExecutor),
             executor)
         .transformAsync((closer, transaction) -> transaction.queryClosingFuture("..."), executor)
         .transform((closer, result) -> result.get("userName"), directExecutor())
         .catching(DBException.class, e -> "no user", directExecutor())
         .finishToFuture();
    In this example, when the userName Future is done, the transaction and the query result cursor will both be closed, even if the operation is cancelled or fails.

    Manually closing

    If you want to close the captured objects manually, after you've used the final result, call finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor) to get an object that holds the final result. You then call ClosingFuture.ValueAndCloser.closeAsync() to close the captured objects. 
    
     ClosingFuture.submit(
             closer -> closer.eventuallyClose(database.newTransaction(), closingExecutor),
             executor)
     .transformAsync((closer, transaction) -> transaction.queryClosingFuture("..."), executor)
     .transform((closer, result) -> result.get("userName"), directExecutor())
     .catching(DBException.class, e -> "no user", directExecutor())
     .finishToValueAndCloser(
         valueAndCloser -> this.userNameValueAndCloser = valueAndCloser, executor);

 // later
 try { // get() will throw if the operation failed or was cancelled.
   UserName userName = userNameValueAndCloser.get();
   // do something with userName
 } finally {
   userNameValueAndCloser.closeAsync();
 }
    In this example, when userNameValueAndCloser.closeAsync() is called, the transaction and the query result cursor will both be closed, even if the operation is cancelled or fails.

    Note that if you don't call closeAsync(), the captured objects will not be closed. The automatic-closing approach described above is safer.

    Since:
    30.0

    • Method Detail

      • eventuallyClosing

        @Deprecated
public static <C extends Object & Closeable> ClosingFuture<C> eventuallyClosing​(ListenableFuture<C> future,
                                                                                Executor closingExecutor)
        Deprecated.
        Creating Futures of closeable types is dangerous in general because the underlying value may never be closed if the Future is canceled after its operation begins. Consider replacing code that creates ListenableFutures of closeable types, including those that pass them to this method, with submit(ClosingCallable, Executor) in order to ensure that resources do not leak. Or, to start a pipeline with a ListenableFuture that doesn't create values that should be closed, use from(com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture<V>).
        Starts a ClosingFuture pipeline with a ListenableFuture.

        If future succeeds, its value will be closed (using closingExecutor) when the pipeline is done, even if the pipeline is canceled or fails.

        Cancelling the pipeline will not cancel future, so that the pipeline can access its value in order to close it.

        Parameters:
        future - the future to create the ClosingFuture from. For discussion of the future's result type C, see DeferredCloser#eventuallyClose(Closeable, Executor).
        closingExecutor - the future's result will be closed on this executor

      • statusFuture

        public ListenableFuture<?> statusFuture()
        Returns a future that finishes when this step does. Calling get() on the returned future returns null if the step is successful or throws the same exception that would be thrown by calling finishToFuture().get() if this were the last step. Calling cancel() on the returned future has no effect on the ClosingFuture pipeline.

        statusFuture differs from most methods on ClosingFuture: You can make calls to statusFuture in addition to the call you make to finishToFuture() or a derivation method on the same instance. This is important because calling statusFuture alone does not provide a way to close the pipeline.

      • transform

        public <U> ClosingFuture<U> transform​(ClosingFuture.ClosingFunction<? super V,​U> function,
                                      Executor executor)
        Returns a new ClosingFuture pipeline step derived from this one by applying a function to its value. The function can use a ClosingFuture.DeferredCloser to capture objects to be closed when the pipeline is done.

        If this ClosingFuture fails, the function will not be called, and the derived ClosingFuture will be equivalent to this one.

        If the function throws an exception, that exception is used as the result of the derived ClosingFuture.

        Example usage: 

        
 ClosingFuture<List<Row>> rowsFuture =
     queryFuture.transform((closer, result) -> result.getRows(), executor);

        When selecting an executor, note that directExecutor is dangerous in some cases. See the discussion in the ListenableFuture.addListener(java.lang.Runnable, java.util.concurrent.Executor) documentation. All its warnings about heavyweight listeners are also applicable to heavyweight functions passed to this method.

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToFuture(), finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor), or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Parameters:
        function - transforms the value of this step to the value of the derived step
        executor - executor to run the function in
        Returns:
        the derived step
        Throws:
        IllegalStateException - if a ClosingFuture has already been derived from this one, or if this ClosingFuture has already been finished

      • transformAsync

        public <U> ClosingFuture<U> transformAsync​(ClosingFuture.AsyncClosingFunction<? super V,​U> function,
                                           Executor executor)
        Returns a new ClosingFuture pipeline step derived from this one by applying a function that returns a ClosingFuture to its value. The function can use a ClosingFuture.DeferredCloser to capture objects to be closed when the pipeline is done (other than those captured by the returned ClosingFuture).

        If this ClosingFuture succeeds, the derived one will be equivalent to the one returned by the function.

        If this ClosingFuture fails, the function will not be called, and the derived ClosingFuture will be equivalent to this one.

        If the function throws an exception, that exception is used as the result of the derived ClosingFuture. But if the exception is thrown after the function creates a ClosingFuture, then none of the closeable objects in that ClosingFuture will be closed.

        Usage guidelines for this method:

        Example usage: 

        
 // Result.getRowsClosingFuture() returns a ClosingFuture.
 ClosingFuture<List<Row>> rowsFuture =
     queryFuture.transformAsync((closer, result) -> result.getRowsClosingFuture(), executor);

 // Result.writeRowsToOutputStreamFuture() returns a ListenableFuture that resolves to the
 // number of written rows. openOutputFile() returns a FileOutputStream (which implements
 // Closeable).
 ClosingFuture<Integer> rowsFuture2 =
     queryFuture.transformAsync(
         (closer, result) -> {
           FileOutputStream fos = closer.eventuallyClose(openOutputFile(), closingExecutor);
           return ClosingFuture.from(result.writeRowsToOutputStreamFuture(fos));
      },
      executor);

 // Result.getRowsFuture() returns a ListenableFuture (no new closeables are created).
 ClosingFuture<List<Row>> rowsFuture3 =
     queryFuture.transformAsync(withoutCloser(Result::getRowsFuture), executor);

        When selecting an executor, note that directExecutor is dangerous in some cases. See the discussion in the ListenableFuture.addListener(java.lang.Runnable, java.util.concurrent.Executor) documentation. All its warnings about heavyweight listeners are also applicable to heavyweight functions passed to this method. (Specifically, directExecutor functions should avoid heavyweight operations inside AsyncClosingFunction.apply. Any heavyweight operations should occur in other threads responsible for completing the returned ClosingFuture.)

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToFuture(), finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor), or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Parameters:
        function - transforms the value of this step to a ClosingFuture with the value of the derived step
        executor - executor to run the function in
        Returns:
        the derived step
        Throws:
        IllegalStateException - if a ClosingFuture has already been derived from this one, or if this ClosingFuture has already been finished

      • catching

        public <X extends Throwable> ClosingFuture<V> catching​(Class<X> exceptionType,
                                                       ClosingFuture.ClosingFunction<? super X,​? extends V> fallback,
                                                       Executor executor)
        Returns a new ClosingFuture pipeline step derived from this one by applying a function to its exception if it is an instance of a given exception type. The function can use a ClosingFuture.DeferredCloser to capture objects to be closed when the pipeline is done.

        If this ClosingFuture succeeds or fails with a different exception type, the function will not be called, and the derived ClosingFuture will be equivalent to this one.

        If the function throws an exception, that exception is used as the result of the derived ClosingFuture.

        Example usage: 

        
 ClosingFuture<QueryResult> queryFuture =
     queryFuture.catching(
         QueryException.class, (closer, x) -> Query.emptyQueryResult(), executor);

        When selecting an executor, note that directExecutor is dangerous in some cases. See the discussion in the ListenableFuture.addListener(java.lang.Runnable, java.util.concurrent.Executor) documentation. All its warnings about heavyweight listeners are also applicable to heavyweight functions passed to this method.

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToFuture(), finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor), or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Parameters:
        exceptionType - the exception type that triggers use of fallback. The exception type is matched against this step's exception. "This step's exception" means the cause of the ExecutionException thrown by Future.get() on the Future underlying this step or, if get() throws a different kind of exception, that exception itself. To avoid hiding bugs and other unrecoverable errors, callers should prefer more specific types, avoiding Throwable.class in particular.
        fallback - the function to be called if this step fails with the expected exception type. The function's argument is this step's exception. "This step's exception" means the cause of the ExecutionException thrown by Future.get() on the Future underlying this step or, if get() throws a different kind of exception, that exception itself.
        executor - the executor that runs fallback if the input fails

      • catchingAsync

        public <X extends Throwable> ClosingFuture<V> catchingAsync​(Class<X> exceptionType,
                                                            ClosingFuture.AsyncClosingFunction<? super X,​? extends V> fallback,
                                                            Executor executor)
        Returns a new ClosingFuture pipeline step derived from this one by applying a function that returns a ClosingFuture to its exception if it is an instance of a given exception type. The function can use a ClosingFuture.DeferredCloser to capture objects to be closed when the pipeline is done (other than those captured by the returned ClosingFuture).

        If this ClosingFuture fails with an exception of the given type, the derived ClosingFuture will be equivalent to the one returned by the function.

        If this ClosingFuture succeeds or fails with a different exception type, the function will not be called, and the derived ClosingFuture will be equivalent to this one.

        If the function throws an exception, that exception is used as the result of the derived ClosingFuture. But if the exception is thrown after the function creates a ClosingFuture, then none of the closeable objects in that ClosingFuture will be closed.

        Usage guidelines for this method:

        Example usage: 

        
 // Fall back to a secondary input stream in case of IOException.
 ClosingFuture<InputStream> inputFuture =
     firstInputFuture.catchingAsync(
         IOException.class, (closer, x) -> secondaryInputStreamClosingFuture(), executor);
 
 }

        When selecting an executor, note that directExecutor is dangerous in some cases. See the discussion in the ListenableFuture.addListener(java.lang.Runnable, java.util.concurrent.Executor) documentation. All its warnings about heavyweight listeners are also applicable to heavyweight functions passed to this method. (Specifically, directExecutor functions should avoid heavyweight operations inside AsyncClosingFunction.apply. Any heavyweight operations should occur in other threads responsible for completing the returned ClosingFuture.)

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToFuture(), finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor), or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Parameters:
        exceptionType - the exception type that triggers use of fallback. The exception type is matched against this step's exception. "This step's exception" means the cause of the ExecutionException thrown by Future.get() on the Future underlying this step or, if get() throws a different kind of exception, that exception itself. To avoid hiding bugs and other unrecoverable errors, callers should prefer more specific types, avoiding Throwable.class in particular.
        fallback - the function to be called if this step fails with the expected exception type. The function's argument is this step's exception. "This step's exception" means the cause of the ExecutionException thrown by Future.get() on the Future underlying this step or, if get() throws a different kind of exception, that exception itself.
        executor - the executor that runs fallback if the input fails

      • finishToFuture

        public FluentFuture<V> finishToFuture()
        Marks this step as the last step in the ClosingFuture pipeline. When the returned Future is done, all objects captured for closing during the pipeline's computation will be closed.

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToValueAndCloser(ValueAndCloserConsumer, Executor), this method, or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Returns:
        a Future that represents the final value or exception of the pipeline

      • finishToValueAndCloser

        public void finishToValueAndCloser​(ClosingFuture.ValueAndCloserConsumer<? super V> consumer,
                                   Executor executor)
        Marks this step as the last step in the ClosingFuture pipeline. When this step is done, receiver will be called with an object that contains the result of the operation. The receiver can store the ClosingFuture.ValueAndCloser outside the receiver for later synchronous use.

        After calling this method, you may not call finishToFuture(), this method again, or any other derivation method on this ClosingFuture.

        Parameters:
        consumer - a callback whose method will be called (using executor) when this operation is done

      • cancel

        @CanIgnoreReturnValue
public boolean cancel​(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning)
        Attempts to cancel execution of this step. This attempt will fail if the step has already completed, has already been cancelled, or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful, and this step has not started when cancel is called, this step should never run.

        If successful, causes the objects captured by this step (if already started) and its input step(s) for later closing to be closed on their respective Executors. If any such calls specified MoreExecutors.directExecutor(), those objects will be closed synchronously.

        Parameters:
        mayInterruptIfRunning - true if the thread executing this task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed to complete, but the step will be cancelled regardless
        Returns:
        false if the step could not be cancelled, typically because it has already completed normally; true otherwise

      • toString

        public String toString()
        Description copied from class: java.lang.Object
        Returns a string representation of the object. In general, the toString method returns a string that "textually represents" this object. The result should be a concise but informative representation that is easy for a person to read. It is recommended that all subclasses override this method.

        The toString method for class Object returns a string consisting of the name of the class of which the object is an instance, the at-sign character `@', and the unsigned hexadecimal representation of the hash code of the object. In other words, this method returns a string equal to the value of: 

         getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode())
        Overrides:
        toString in class Object
        Returns:
        a string representation of the object.

      • finalize

        protected void finalize()
        Description copied from class: java.lang.Object
        Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object. A subclass overrides the finalize method to dispose of system resources or to perform other cleanup.

        The general contract of finalize is that it is invoked if and when the Java™ virtual machine has determined that there is no longer any means by which this object can be accessed by any thread that has not yet died, except as a result of an action taken by the finalization of some other object or class which is ready to be finalized. The finalize method may take any action, including making this object available again to other threads; the usual purpose of finalize, however, is to perform cleanup actions before the object is irrevocably discarded. For example, the finalize method for an object that represents an input/output connection might perform explicit I/O transactions to break the connection before the object is permanently discarded.

        The finalize method of class Object performs no special action; it simply returns normally. Subclasses of Object may override this definition.

        The Java programming language does not guarantee which thread will invoke the finalize method for any given object. It is guaranteed, however, that the thread that invokes finalize will not be holding any user-visible synchronization locks when finalize is invoked. If an uncaught exception is thrown by the finalize method, the exception is ignored and finalization of that object terminates.

        After the finalize method has been invoked for an object, no further action is taken until the Java virtual machine has again determined that there is no longer any means by which this object can be accessed by any thread that has not yet died, including possible actions by other objects or classes which are ready to be finalized, at which point the object may be discarded.

        The finalize method is never invoked more than once by a Java virtual machine for any given object.

        Any exception thrown by the finalize method causes the finalization of this object to be halted, but is otherwise ignored.

        Overrides:
        finalize in class Object
        See Also:
        WeakReference, PhantomReference