com.google.common.collect

Class ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>

java.lang.Object

com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap<K,V>

com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>

All Implemented Interfaces:

Serializable, Map<K,V>, NavigableMap<K,V>, SortedMap<K,V>

@GwtCompatible(serializable=true,
               emulated=true)
public final class ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>
extends ImmutableMap<K,V>
implements NavigableMap<K,V>

A NavigableMap whose contents will never change, with many other important properties detailed at ImmutableCollection.

Warning: as with any sorted collection, you are strongly advised not to use a Comparator or Comparable type whose comparison behavior is inconsistent with equals. That is, a.compareTo(b) or comparator.compare(a, b) should equal zero if and only if a.equals(b). If this advice is not followed, the resulting map will not correctly obey its specification.

See the Guava User Guide article on immutable collections.

Since:

2.0 (implements NavigableMap since 12.0)

Author:

Jared Levy, Louis Wasserman

See Also:

Serialized Form

Nested Class Summary

Nested Classes

Modifier and Type	Class and Description
static class	ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V> A builder for creating immutable sorted map instances, especially public static final maps ("constant maps").

Nested classes/interfaces inherited from interface java.util.Map

Map.Entry<K,V>

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V>	builder() Deprecated. Use naturalOrder(), which offers better type-safety.
Map.Entry<K,V>	ceilingEntry(K key)
K	ceilingKey(K key)
Comparator<? super K>	comparator() Returns the comparator that orders the keys, which is Ordering.natural() when the natural ordering of the keys is used.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	copyOf(Iterable<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>> entries) Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	copyOf(Iterable<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>> entries, Comparator<? super K> comparator) Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map) Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as map, sorted by the natural ordering of the keys.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map, Comparator<? super K> comparator) Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as map, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	copyOfSorted(SortedMap<K,? extends V> map) Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as the provided sorted map, with the same ordering.
ImmutableSortedSet<K>	descendingKeySet()
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	descendingMap()
ImmutableSet<Map.Entry<K,V>>	entrySet() Returns an immutable set of the mappings in this map, sorted by the key ordering.
Map.Entry<K,V>	firstEntry()
K	firstKey()
Map.Entry<K,V>	floorEntry(K key)
K	floorKey(K key)
void	forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? super V> action)
V	get(Object key)
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	headMap(K toKey) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are less than toKey.
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	headMap(K toKey, boolean inclusive) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are less than (or equal to, if inclusive) toKey.
Map.Entry<K,V>	higherEntry(K key)
K	higherKey(K key)
ImmutableSortedSet<K>	keySet() Returns an immutable sorted set of the keys in this map.
Map.Entry<K,V>	lastEntry()
K	lastKey()
Map.Entry<K,V>	lowerEntry(K key)
K	lowerKey(K key)
static <K extends Comparable<?>,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V>	naturalOrder() Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps whose keys are ordered by their natural ordering.
ImmutableSortedSet<K>	navigableKeySet()
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of() Returns the empty sorted map.
static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of(K k1, V v1) Returns an immutable map containing a single entry.
static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2) Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.
static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3) Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.
static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4) Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.
static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5) Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.
static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V>	orderedBy(Comparator<K> comparator) Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps with an explicit comparator.
Map.Entry<K,V>	pollFirstEntry() Deprecated. Unsupported operation.
Map.Entry<K,V>	pollLastEntry() Deprecated. Unsupported operation.
static <K extends Comparable<?>,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V>	reverseOrder() Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps whose keys are ordered by the reverse of their natural ordering.
int	size()
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	subMap(K fromKey, boolean fromInclusive, K toKey, boolean toInclusive) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys ranges from fromKey to toKey, inclusive or exclusive as indicated by the boolean flags.
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	subMap(K fromKey, K toKey) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys ranges from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	tailMap(K fromKey) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are greater than or equals to fromKey.
ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>	tailMap(K fromKey, boolean inclusive) This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are greater than (or equal to, if inclusive) fromKey.
static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableMap<K,V>>	toImmutableMap(Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction, Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction) Deprecated. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>).
static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableMap<K,V>>	toImmutableMap(Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction, Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction, BinaryOperator<V> mergeFunction) Deprecated. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>).
static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>>	toImmutableSortedMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator, Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction, Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction) Returns a Collector that accumulates elements into an ImmutableSortedMap whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided mapping functions to the input elements.
static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>>	toImmutableSortedMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator, Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction, Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction, BinaryOperator<V> mergeFunction) Returns a Collector that accumulates elements into an ImmutableSortedMap whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided mapping functions to the input elements.
ImmutableCollection<V>	values() Returns an immutable collection of the values in this map, sorted by the ordering of the corresponding keys.

Methods inherited from class com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap

asMultimap, clear, compute, computeIfAbsent, computeIfPresent, containsKey, containsValue, equals, getOrDefault, hashCode, isEmpty, merge, put, putAll, putIfAbsent, remove, remove, replace, replace, replaceAll, toString

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Methods inherited from interface java.util.Map

clear, compute, computeIfAbsent, computeIfPresent, containsKey, containsValue, equals, getOrDefault, hashCode, isEmpty, merge, put, putAll, putIfAbsent, remove, remove, replace, replace, replaceAll

Method Detail

toImmutableSortedMap

@Beta
public static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>> toImmutableSortedMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator,
                                                                                        Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction,
                                                                                        Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction)

Returns a Collector that accumulates elements into an ImmutableSortedMap whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided mapping functions to the input elements. The generated map is sorted by the specified comparator.

If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to the specified comparator), an IllegalArgumentException is thrown when the collection operation is performed. (This differs from the Collector returned by Collectors.toMap(Function, Function), which throws an IllegalStateException.)

Since:

21.0

toImmutableSortedMap

@Beta
public static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableSortedMap<K,V>> toImmutableSortedMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator,
                                                                                        Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction,
                                                                                        Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction,
                                                                                        BinaryOperator<V> mergeFunction)

Returns a Collector that accumulates elements into an ImmutableSortedMap whose keys and values are the result of applying the provided mapping functions to the input elements.

If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to the comparator), the the values are merged using the specified merging function. Entries will appear in the encounter order of the first occurrence of the key.

Since:

21.0

of

public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of()

Returns the empty sorted map.

of

public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of(K k1,
                                                                             V v1)

Returns an immutable map containing a single entry.

of

public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of(K k1,
                                                                             V v1,
                                                                             K k2,
                                                                             V v2)

Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if the two keys are equal according to their natural ordering

of

public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of(K k1,
                                                                             V v1,
                                                                             K k2,
                                                                             V v2,
                                                                             K k3,
                                                                             V v3)

Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to their natural ordering

of

public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of(K k1,
                                                                             V v1,
                                                                             K k2,
                                                                             V v2,
                                                                             K k3,
                                                                             V v3,
                                                                             K k4,
                                                                             V v4)

Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to their natural ordering

of

public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> of(K k1,
                                                                             V v1,
                                                                             K k2,
                                                                             V v2,
                                                                             K k3,
                                                                             V v3,
                                                                             K k4,
                                                                             V v4,
                                                                             K k5,
                                                                             V v5)

Returns an immutable sorted map containing the given entries, sorted by the natural ordering of their keys.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to their natural ordering

copyOf

public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map)

Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as map, sorted by the natural ordering of the keys.

Despite the method name, this method attempts to avoid actually copying the data when it is safe to do so. The exact circumstances under which a copy will or will not be performed are undocumented and subject to change.

This method is not type-safe, as it may be called on a map with keys that are not mutually comparable.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the keys in map are not mutually comparable

NullPointerException - if any key or value in map is null

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to their natural ordering

copyOf

public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map,
                                                   Comparator<? super K> comparator)

Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as map, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.

Despite the method name, this method attempts to avoid actually copying the data when it is safe to do so. The exact circumstances under which a copy will or will not be performed are undocumented and subject to change.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if any key or value in map is null

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to the comparator

copyOf

@Beta
public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> copyOf(Iterable<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>> entries)

Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.

This method is not type-safe, as it may be called on a map with keys that are not mutually comparable.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if any key or value in map is null

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to the comparator

Since:

19.0

copyOf

@Beta
public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> copyOf(Iterable<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>> entries,
                                                         Comparator<? super K> comparator)

Returns an immutable map containing the given entries, with keys sorted by the provided comparator.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if any key or value in map is null

IllegalArgumentException - if any two keys are equal according to the comparator

Since:

19.0

copyOfSorted

public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> copyOfSorted(SortedMap<K,? extends V> map)

Returns an immutable map containing the same entries as the provided sorted map, with the same ordering.

Despite the method name, this method attempts to avoid actually copying the data when it is safe to do so. The exact circumstances under which a copy will or will not be performed are undocumented and subject to change.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if any key or value in map is null

naturalOrder

public static <K extends Comparable<?>,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V> naturalOrder()

Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps whose keys are ordered by their natural ordering. The sorted maps use Ordering.natural() as the comparator.

orderedBy

public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V> orderedBy(Comparator<K> comparator)

Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps with an explicit comparator. If the comparator has a more general type than the map's keys, such as creating a SortedMap<Integer, String> with a Comparator<Number>, use the ImmutableSortedMap.Builder constructor instead.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if comparator is null

reverseOrder

public static <K extends Comparable<?>,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V> reverseOrder()

Returns a builder that creates immutable sorted maps whose keys are ordered by the reverse of their natural ordering.

size

public int size()

Specified by:

size in interface Map<K,V>

forEach

public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? super V> action)

Specified by:

forEach in interface Map<K,V>

get

public V get(@Nullable
             Object key)

Specified by:

get in interface Map<K,V>

Specified by:

get in class ImmutableMap<K,V>

entrySet

public ImmutableSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet()

Returns an immutable set of the mappings in this map, sorted by the key ordering.

Specified by:

entrySet in interface Map<K,V>

Specified by:

entrySet in interface SortedMap<K,V>

Overrides:

entrySet in class ImmutableMap<K,V>

keySet

public ImmutableSortedSet<K> keySet()

Returns an immutable sorted set of the keys in this map.

Specified by:

keySet in interface Map<K,V>

Specified by:

keySet in interface SortedMap<K,V>

Overrides:

keySet in class ImmutableMap<K,V>

values

public ImmutableCollection<V> values()

Returns an immutable collection of the values in this map, sorted by the ordering of the corresponding keys.

Specified by:

values in interface Map<K,V>

Specified by:

values in interface SortedMap<K,V>

Overrides:

values in class ImmutableMap<K,V>

comparator

public Comparator<? super K> comparator()

Returns the comparator that orders the keys, which is Ordering.natural() when the natural ordering of the keys is used. Note that its behavior is not consistent with TreeMap.comparator(), which returns null to indicate natural ordering.

Specified by:

comparator in interface SortedMap<K,V>

firstKey

public K firstKey()

Specified by:

firstKey in interface SortedMap<K,V>

lastKey

public K lastKey()

Specified by:

lastKey in interface SortedMap<K,V>

headMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are less than toKey.

The SortedMap.headMap(K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a toKey greater than an earlier toKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original toKey.

Specified by:

headMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Specified by:

headMap in interface SortedMap<K,V>

headMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey,
                                       boolean inclusive)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are less than (or equal to, if inclusive) toKey.

The SortedMap.headMap(K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a toKey greater than an earlier toKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original toKey.

Specified by:

headMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Since:

12.0

subMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey,
                                      K toKey)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys ranges from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.

The SortedMap.subMap(K, K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a fromKey less than an earlier fromKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original fromKey. Similarly, this method keeps the original toKey, instead of throwing an exception, if passed a toKey greater than an earlier toKey.

Specified by:

subMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Specified by:

subMap in interface SortedMap<K,V>

subMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey,
                                      boolean fromInclusive,
                                      K toKey,
                                      boolean toInclusive)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys ranges from fromKey to toKey, inclusive or exclusive as indicated by the boolean flags.

The SortedMap.subMap(K, K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a fromKey less than an earlier fromKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original fromKey. Similarly, this method keeps the original toKey, instead of throwing an exception, if passed a toKey greater than an earlier toKey.

Specified by:

subMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Since:

12.0

tailMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are greater than or equals to fromKey.

The SortedMap.tailMap(K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a fromKey less than an earlier fromKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original fromKey.

Specified by:

tailMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Specified by:

tailMap in interface SortedMap<K,V>

tailMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey,
                                       boolean inclusive)

This method returns a ImmutableSortedMap, consisting of the entries whose keys are greater than (or equal to, if inclusive) fromKey.

The SortedMap.tailMap(K) documentation states that a submap of a submap throws an IllegalArgumentException if passed a fromKey less than an earlier fromKey. However, this method doesn't throw an exception in that situation, but instead keeps the original fromKey.

Specified by:

tailMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Since:

12.0

lowerEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> lowerEntry(K key)

Specified by:

lowerEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

lowerKey

public K lowerKey(K key)

Specified by:

lowerKey in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

floorEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> floorEntry(K key)

Specified by:

floorEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

floorKey

public K floorKey(K key)

Specified by:

floorKey in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

ceilingEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> ceilingEntry(K key)

Specified by:

ceilingEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

ceilingKey

public K ceilingKey(K key)

Specified by:

ceilingKey in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

higherEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> higherEntry(K key)

Specified by:

higherEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

higherKey

public K higherKey(K key)

Specified by:

higherKey in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

firstEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> firstEntry()

Specified by:

firstEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

lastEntry

public Map.Entry<K,V> lastEntry()

Specified by:

lastEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

pollFirstEntry

@Deprecated
public final Map.Entry<K,V> pollFirstEntry()

Deprecated. Unsupported operation.

Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the map unmodified.

Specified by:

pollFirstEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - always

pollLastEntry

@Deprecated
public final Map.Entry<K,V> pollLastEntry()

Deprecated. Unsupported operation.

Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the map unmodified.

Specified by:

pollLastEntry in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - always

descendingMap

public ImmutableSortedMap<K,V> descendingMap()

Specified by:

descendingMap in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

navigableKeySet

public ImmutableSortedSet<K> navigableKeySet()

Specified by:

navigableKeySet in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

descendingKeySet

public ImmutableSortedSet<K> descendingKeySet()

Specified by:

descendingKeySet in interface NavigableMap<K,V>

toImmutableMap

@Deprecated
public static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableMap<K,V>> toImmutableMap(Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction,
                                                                                  Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction)

Deprecated. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>).

Not supported. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>), which offers better type-safety, instead. This method exists only to hide ImmutableMap.toImmutableMap(java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>) from consumers of ImmutableSortedMap.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - always

toImmutableMap

@Deprecated
public static <T,K,V> Collector<T,?,ImmutableMap<K,V>> toImmutableMap(Function<? super T,? extends K> keyFunction,
                                                                                  Function<? super T,? extends V> valueFunction,
                                                                                  BinaryOperator<V> mergeFunction)

Deprecated. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>).

Not supported. Use toImmutableSortedMap(java.util.Comparator<? super K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>), which offers better type-safety, instead. This method exists only to hide ImmutableMap.toImmutableMap(java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends K>, java.util.function.Function<? super T, ? extends V>) from consumers of ImmutableSortedMap.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - always

builder

@Deprecated
public static <K,V> ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K,V> builder()

Deprecated. Use naturalOrder(), which offers better type-safety.

Not supported. Use naturalOrder(), which offers better type-safety, instead. This method exists only to hide ImmutableMap.builder() from consumers of ImmutableSortedMap.

Throws:

UnsupportedOperationException - always