com.google.common.net

Class UrlEscapers

java.lang.Object

com.google.common.net.UrlEscapers

@Beta
@GwtCompatible
public final class UrlEscapers
extends Object

Escaper instances suitable for strings to be included in particular sections of URLs.

If the resulting URLs are inserted into an HTML or XML document, they will require additional escaping with HtmlEscapers or XmlEscapers.

Since:

15.0

Author:

David Beaumont, Chris Povirk

Method Summary

Methods

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
static Escaper	urlFormParameterEscaper() Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL form parameter names and values.
static Escaper	urlFragmentEscaper() Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in a URL fragment.
static Escaper	urlPathSegmentEscaper() Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL path segments.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Method Detail

urlFormParameterEscaper

public static Escaper urlFormParameterEscaper()

Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL form parameter names and values. Escaping is performed with the UTF-8 character encoding. The caller is responsible for replacing any unpaired carriage return or line feed characters with a CR+LF pair on any non-file inputs before escaping them with this escaper.

When escaping a String, the following rules apply:

• The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain the same.
• The special characters ".", "-", "*", and "_" remain the same.
• The space character " " is converted into a plus sign "+".
• All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.

This escaper is suitable for escaping parameter names and values even when using the non-standard semicolon, rather than the ampersand, as a parameter delimiter. Nevertheless, we recommend using the ampersand unless you must interoperate with systems that require semicolons.

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. From RFC 3986:
"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings."

urlPathSegmentEscaper

public static Escaper urlPathSegmentEscaper()

Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in URL path segments. The returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII characters, even though many of these are accepted in modern URLs. (If the escaper were to leave these characters unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time, anyway.) Additionally, the escaper escapes the slash character ("/"). While slashes are acceptable in URL paths, they are considered by the specification to be separators between "path segments." This implies that, if you wish for your path to contain slashes, you must escape each segment separately and then join them.

When escaping a String, the following rules apply:

• The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain the same.
• The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
• The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
• The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain the same.
• The space character " " is converted into %20.
• All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. From RFC 3986:
"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings."

urlFragmentEscaper

public static Escaper urlFragmentEscaper()

Returns an Escaper instance that escapes strings so they can be safely included in a URL fragment. The returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII characters, even though many of these are accepted in modern URLs. (If the escaper were to leave these characters unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time, anyway.)

When escaping a String, the following rules apply:

• The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain the same.
• The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
• The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
• The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain the same.
• The space character " " is converted into %20.
• Fragments allow unescaped "/" and "?", so they remain the same.
• All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.

Note: Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase hexadecimal sequences. From RFC 3986:
"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings."