001/* 002 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Guava Authors 003 * 004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 005 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 006 * You may obtain a copy of the License at 007 * 008 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 009 * 010 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 011 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 012 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 013 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 014 * limitations under the License. 015 */ 016 017package com.google.common.collect; 018 019import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull; 020import static com.google.common.collect.CollectPreconditions.checkNonnegative; 021import static com.google.common.collect.ObjectArrays.checkElementsNotNull; 022 023import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible; 024import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible; 025import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue; 026import com.google.errorprone.annotations.DoNotCall; 027import com.google.errorprone.annotations.DoNotMock; 028import java.io.InvalidObjectException; 029import java.io.ObjectInputStream; 030import java.io.Serializable; 031import java.util.AbstractCollection; 032import java.util.Arrays; 033import java.util.Collection; 034import java.util.Collections; 035import java.util.HashSet; 036import java.util.Iterator; 037import java.util.List; 038import javax.annotation.CheckForNull; 039import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable; 040 041/** 042 * A {@link Collection} whose contents will never change, and which offers a few additional 043 * guarantees detailed below. 044 * 045 * <p><b>Warning:</b> avoid <i>direct</i> usage of {@link ImmutableCollection} as a type (just as 046 * with {@link Collection} itself). Prefer subtypes such as {@link ImmutableSet} or {@link 047 * ImmutableList}, which have well-defined {@link #equals} semantics, thus avoiding a common source 048 * of bugs and confusion. 049 * 050 * <h3>About <i>all</i> {@code Immutable-} collections</h3> 051 * 052 * <p>The remainder of this documentation applies to every public {@code Immutable-} type in this 053 * package, whether it is a subtype of {@code ImmutableCollection} or not. 054 * 055 * <h4>Guarantees</h4> 056 * 057 * <p>Each makes the following guarantees: 058 * 059 * <ul> 060 * <li><b>Shallow immutability.</b> Elements can never be added, removed or replaced in this 061 * collection. This is a stronger guarantee than that of {@link 062 * Collections#unmodifiableCollection}, whose contents change whenever the wrapped collection 063 * is modified. 064 * <li><b>Null-hostility.</b> This collection will never contain a null element. 065 * <li><b>Deterministic iteration.</b> The iteration order is always well-defined, depending on 066 * how the collection was created. Typically this is insertion order unless an explicit 067 * ordering is otherwise specified (e.g. {@link ImmutableSortedSet#naturalOrder}). See the 068 * appropriate factory method for details. View collections such as {@link 069 * ImmutableMultiset#elementSet} iterate in the same order as the parent, except as noted. 070 * <li><b>Thread safety.</b> It is safe to access this collection concurrently from multiple 071 * threads. 072 * <li><b>Integrity.</b> This type cannot be subclassed outside this package (which would allow 073 * these guarantees to be violated). 074 * </ul> 075 * 076 * <h4>"Interfaces", not implementations</h4> 077 * 078 * <p>These are classes instead of interfaces to prevent external subtyping, but should be thought 079 * of as interfaces in every important sense. Each public class such as {@link ImmutableSet} is a 080 * <i>type</i> offering meaningful behavioral guarantees. This is substantially different from the 081 * case of (say) {@link HashSet}, which is an <i>implementation</i>, with semantics that were 082 * largely defined by its supertype. 083 * 084 * <p>For field types and method return types, you should generally use the immutable type (such as 085 * {@link ImmutableList}) instead of the general collection interface type (such as {@link List}). 086 * This communicates to your callers all of the semantic guarantees listed above, which is almost 087 * always very useful information. 088 * 089 * <p>On the other hand, a <i>parameter</i> type of {@link ImmutableList} is generally a nuisance to 090 * callers. Instead, accept {@link Iterable} and have your method or constructor body pass it to the 091 * appropriate {@code copyOf} method itself. 092 * 093 * <p>Expressing the immutability guarantee directly in the type that user code references is a 094 * powerful advantage. Although Java offers certain immutable collection factory methods, such as 095 * {@link Collections#singleton(Object)} and <a 096 * href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/util/Set.html#immutable">{@code Set.of}</a>, 097 * we recommend using <i>these</i> classes instead for this reason (as well as for consistency). 098 * 099 * <h4>Creation</h4> 100 * 101 * <p>Except for logically "abstract" types like {@code ImmutableCollection} itself, each {@code 102 * Immutable} type provides the static operations you need to obtain instances of that type. These 103 * usually include: 104 * 105 * <ul> 106 * <li>Static methods named {@code of}, accepting an explicit list of elements or entries. 107 * <li>Static methods named {@code copyOf} (or {@code copyOfSorted}), accepting an existing 108 * collection whose contents should be copied. 109 * <li>A static nested {@code Builder} class which can be used to populate a new immutable 110 * instance. 111 * </ul> 112 * 113 * <h4>Warnings</h4> 114 * 115 * <ul> 116 * <li><b>Warning:</b> as with any collection, it is almost always a bad idea to modify an element 117 * (in a way that affects its {@link Object#equals} behavior) while it is contained in a 118 * collection. Undefined behavior and bugs will result. It's generally best to avoid using 119 * mutable objects as elements at all, as many users may expect your "immutable" object to be 120 * <i>deeply</i> immutable. 121 * </ul> 122 * 123 * <h4>Performance notes</h4> 124 * 125 * <ul> 126 * <li>Implementations can be generally assumed to prioritize memory efficiency, then speed of 127 * access, and lastly speed of creation. 128 * <li>The {@code copyOf} methods will sometimes recognize that the actual copy operation is 129 * unnecessary; for example, {@code copyOf(copyOf(anArrayList))} should copy the data only 130 * once. This reduces the expense of habitually making defensive copies at API boundaries. 131 * However, the precise conditions for skipping the copy operation are undefined. 132 * <li><b>Warning:</b> a view collection such as {@link ImmutableMap#keySet} or {@link 133 * ImmutableList#subList} may retain a reference to the entire data set, preventing it from 134 * being garbage collected. If some of the data is no longer reachable through other means, 135 * this constitutes a memory leak. Pass the view collection to the appropriate {@code copyOf} 136 * method to obtain a correctly-sized copy. 137 * <li>The performance of using the associated {@code Builder} class can be assumed to be no 138 * worse, and possibly better, than creating a mutable collection and copying it. 139 * <li>Implementations generally do not cache hash codes. If your element or key type has a slow 140 * {@code hashCode} implementation, it should cache it itself. 141 * </ul> 142 * 143 * <h4>Example usage</h4> 144 * 145 * <pre>{@code 146 * class Foo { 147 * private static final ImmutableSet<String> RESERVED_CODES = 148 * ImmutableSet.of("AZ", "CQ", "ZX"); 149 * 150 * private final ImmutableSet<String> codes; 151 * 152 * public Foo(Iterable<String> codes) { 153 * this.codes = ImmutableSet.copyOf(codes); 154 * checkArgument(Collections.disjoint(this.codes, RESERVED_CODES)); 155 * } 156 * } 157 * }</pre> 158 * 159 * <h3>See also</h3> 160 * 161 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a href= 162 * "https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/ImmutableCollectionsExplained">immutable collections</a>. 163 * 164 * @since 2.0 165 */ 166@DoNotMock("Use ImmutableList.of or another implementation") 167@GwtCompatible(emulated = true) 168@SuppressWarnings("serial") // we're overriding default serialization 169@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault 170// TODO(kevinb): I think we should push everything down to "BaseImmutableCollection" or something, 171// just to do everything we can to emphasize the "practically an interface" nature of this class. 172public abstract class ImmutableCollection<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements Serializable { 173 174 ImmutableCollection() {} 175 176 /** Returns an unmodifiable iterator across the elements in this collection. */ 177 @Override 178 public abstract UnmodifiableIterator<E> iterator(); 179 180 private static final Object[] EMPTY_ARRAY = {}; 181 182 @Override 183 public final Object[] toArray() { 184 return toArray(EMPTY_ARRAY); 185 } 186 187 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 188 @Override 189 /* 190 * This suppression is here for two reasons: 191 * 192 * 1. b/192354773 in our checker affects toArray declarations. 193 * 194 * 2. `other[size] = null` is unsound. We could "fix" this by requiring callers to pass in an 195 * array with a nullable element type. But probably they usually want an array with a non-nullable 196 * type. That said, we could *accept* a `@Nullable T[]` (which, given that we treat arrays as 197 * covariant, would still permit a plain `T[]`) and return a plain `T[]`. But of course that would 198 * require its own suppression, since it is also unsound. toArray(T[]) is just a mess from a 199 * nullness perspective. The signature below at least has the virtue of being relatively simple. 200 */ 201 @SuppressWarnings("nullness") 202 public final <T extends @Nullable Object> T[] toArray(T[] other) { 203 checkNotNull(other); 204 int size = size(); 205 206 if (other.length < size) { 207 Object[] internal = internalArray(); 208 if (internal != null) { 209 return Platform.copy(internal, internalArrayStart(), internalArrayEnd(), other); 210 } 211 other = ObjectArrays.newArray(other, size); 212 } else if (other.length > size) { 213 other[size] = null; 214 } 215 copyIntoArray(other, 0); 216 return other; 217 } 218 219 /** If this collection is backed by an array of its elements in insertion order, returns it. */ 220 @CheckForNull 221 @Nullable 222 Object[] internalArray() { 223 return null; 224 } 225 226 /** 227 * If this collection is backed by an array of its elements in insertion order, returns the offset 228 * where this collection's elements start. 229 */ 230 int internalArrayStart() { 231 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 232 } 233 234 /** 235 * If this collection is backed by an array of its elements in insertion order, returns the offset 236 * where this collection's elements end. 237 */ 238 int internalArrayEnd() { 239 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 240 } 241 242 @Override 243 public abstract boolean contains(@CheckForNull Object object); 244 245 /** 246 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 247 * 248 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 249 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 250 */ 251 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 252 @Deprecated 253 @Override 254 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 255 public final boolean add(E e) { 256 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 257 } 258 259 /** 260 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 261 * 262 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 263 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 264 */ 265 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 266 @Deprecated 267 @Override 268 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 269 public final boolean remove(@CheckForNull Object object) { 270 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 271 } 272 273 /** 274 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 275 * 276 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 277 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 278 */ 279 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 280 @Deprecated 281 @Override 282 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 283 public final boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> newElements) { 284 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 285 } 286 287 /** 288 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 289 * 290 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 291 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 292 */ 293 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 294 @Deprecated 295 @Override 296 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 297 public final boolean removeAll(Collection<?> oldElements) { 298 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 299 } 300 301 /** 302 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 303 * 304 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 305 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 306 */ 307 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 308 @Deprecated 309 @Override 310 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 311 public final boolean retainAll(Collection<?> elementsToKeep) { 312 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 313 } 314 315 /** 316 * Guaranteed to throw an exception and leave the collection unmodified. 317 * 318 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always 319 * @deprecated Unsupported operation. 320 */ 321 @Deprecated 322 @Override 323 @DoNotCall("Always throws UnsupportedOperationException") 324 public final void clear() { 325 throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); 326 } 327 328 /** 329 * Returns an {@code ImmutableList} containing the same elements, in the same order, as this 330 * collection. 331 * 332 * <p><b>Performance note:</b> in most cases this method can return quickly without actually 333 * copying anything. The exact circumstances under which the copy is performed are undefined and 334 * subject to change. 335 * 336 * @since 2.0 337 */ 338 public ImmutableList<E> asList() { 339 return isEmpty() ? ImmutableList.<E>of() : ImmutableList.<E>asImmutableList(toArray()); 340 } 341 342 /** 343 * Returns {@code true} if this immutable collection's implementation contains references to 344 * user-created objects that aren't accessible via this collection's methods. This is generally 345 * used to determine whether {@code copyOf} implementations should make an explicit copy to avoid 346 * memory leaks. 347 */ 348 abstract boolean isPartialView(); 349 350 /** 351 * Copies the contents of this immutable collection into the specified array at the specified 352 * offset. Returns {@code offset + size()}. 353 */ 354 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 355 int copyIntoArray(@Nullable Object[] dst, int offset) { 356 for (E e : this) { 357 dst[offset++] = e; 358 } 359 return offset; 360 } 361 362 @J2ktIncompatible // serialization 363 Object writeReplace() { 364 // We serialize by default to ImmutableList, the simplest thing that works. 365 return new ImmutableList.SerializedForm(toArray()); 366 } 367 368 @J2ktIncompatible // serialization 369 private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) throws InvalidObjectException { 370 throw new InvalidObjectException("Use SerializedForm"); 371 } 372 373 /** 374 * Abstract base class for builders of {@link ImmutableCollection} types. 375 * 376 * @since 10.0 377 */ 378 @DoNotMock 379 public abstract static class Builder<E> { 380 static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 4; 381 382 static int expandedCapacity(int oldCapacity, int minCapacity) { 383 if (minCapacity < 0) { 384 throw new AssertionError("cannot store more than MAX_VALUE elements"); 385 } 386 // careful of overflow! 387 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1) + 1; 388 if (newCapacity < minCapacity) { 389 newCapacity = Integer.highestOneBit(minCapacity - 1) << 1; 390 } 391 if (newCapacity < 0) { 392 newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE; 393 // guaranteed to be >= newCapacity 394 } 395 return newCapacity; 396 } 397 398 Builder() {} 399 400 /** 401 * Adds {@code element} to the {@code ImmutableCollection} being built. 402 * 403 * <p>Note that each builder class covariantly returns its own type from this method. 404 * 405 * @param element the element to add 406 * @return this {@code Builder} instance 407 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code element} is null 408 */ 409 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 410 public abstract Builder<E> add(E element); 411 412 /** 413 * Adds each element of {@code elements} to the {@code ImmutableCollection} being built. 414 * 415 * <p>Note that each builder class overrides this method in order to covariantly return its own 416 * type. 417 * 418 * @param elements the elements to add 419 * @return this {@code Builder} instance 420 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code elements} is null or contains a null element 421 */ 422 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 423 public Builder<E> add(E... elements) { 424 for (E element : elements) { 425 add(element); 426 } 427 return this; 428 } 429 430 /** 431 * Adds each element of {@code elements} to the {@code ImmutableCollection} being built. 432 * 433 * <p>Note that each builder class overrides this method in order to covariantly return its own 434 * type. 435 * 436 * @param elements the elements to add 437 * @return this {@code Builder} instance 438 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code elements} is null or contains a null element 439 */ 440 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 441 public Builder<E> addAll(Iterable<? extends E> elements) { 442 for (E element : elements) { 443 add(element); 444 } 445 return this; 446 } 447 448 /** 449 * Adds each element of {@code elements} to the {@code ImmutableCollection} being built. 450 * 451 * <p>Note that each builder class overrides this method in order to covariantly return its own 452 * type. 453 * 454 * @param elements the elements to add 455 * @return this {@code Builder} instance 456 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code elements} is null or contains a null element 457 */ 458 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 459 public Builder<E> addAll(Iterator<? extends E> elements) { 460 while (elements.hasNext()) { 461 add(elements.next()); 462 } 463 return this; 464 } 465 466 /** 467 * Returns a newly-created {@code ImmutableCollection} of the appropriate type, containing the 468 * elements provided to this builder. 469 * 470 * <p>Note that each builder class covariantly returns the appropriate type of {@code 471 * ImmutableCollection} from this method. 472 */ 473 public abstract ImmutableCollection<E> build(); 474 } 475 476 abstract static class ArrayBasedBuilder<E> extends ImmutableCollection.Builder<E> { 477 // The first `size` elements are non-null. 478 @Nullable Object[] contents; 479 int size; 480 boolean forceCopy; 481 482 ArrayBasedBuilder(int initialCapacity) { 483 checkNonnegative(initialCapacity, "initialCapacity"); 484 this.contents = new @Nullable Object[initialCapacity]; 485 this.size = 0; 486 } 487 488 /* 489 * Expand the absolute capacity of the builder so it can accept at least the specified number of 490 * elements without being resized. Also, if we've already built a collection backed by the 491 * current array, create a new array. 492 */ 493 private void getReadyToExpandTo(int minCapacity) { 494 if (contents.length < minCapacity) { 495 this.contents = 496 Arrays.copyOf(this.contents, expandedCapacity(contents.length, minCapacity)); 497 forceCopy = false; 498 } else if (forceCopy) { 499 this.contents = contents.clone(); 500 forceCopy = false; 501 } 502 } 503 504 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 505 @Override 506 public ArrayBasedBuilder<E> add(E element) { 507 checkNotNull(element); 508 getReadyToExpandTo(size + 1); 509 contents[size++] = element; 510 return this; 511 } 512 513 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 514 @Override 515 public Builder<E> add(E... elements) { 516 addAll(elements, elements.length); 517 return this; 518 } 519 520 final void addAll(@Nullable Object[] elements, int n) { 521 checkElementsNotNull(elements, n); 522 getReadyToExpandTo(size + n); 523 /* 524 * The following call is not statically checked, since arraycopy accepts plain Object for its 525 * parameters. If it were statically checked, the checker would still be OK with it, since 526 * we're copying into a `contents` array whose type allows it to contain nulls. Still, it's 527 * worth noting that we promise not to put nulls into the array in the first `size` elements. 528 * We uphold that promise here because our callers promise that `elements` will not contain 529 * nulls in its first `n` elements. 530 */ 531 System.arraycopy(elements, 0, contents, size, n); 532 size += n; 533 } 534 535 @CanIgnoreReturnValue 536 @Override 537 public Builder<E> addAll(Iterable<? extends E> elements) { 538 if (elements instanceof Collection) { 539 Collection<?> collection = (Collection<?>) elements; 540 getReadyToExpandTo(size + collection.size()); 541 if (collection instanceof ImmutableCollection) { 542 ImmutableCollection<?> immutableCollection = (ImmutableCollection<?>) collection; 543 size = immutableCollection.copyIntoArray(contents, size); 544 return this; 545 } 546 } 547 super.addAll(elements); 548 return this; 549 } 550 } 551}