001 /*
002 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
003 *
004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
005 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
006 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
007 *
008 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
009 *
010 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
011 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
012 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
013 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
014 * limitations under the License.
015 */
016
017 package com.google.common.io;
018
019 import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
020 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
021
022 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
023 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
024 import java.io.DataInput;
025 import java.io.DataInputStream;
026 import java.io.DataOutput;
027 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
028 import java.io.EOFException;
029 import java.io.IOException;
030 import java.io.InputStream;
031 import java.io.OutputStream;
032 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
033 import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
034 import java.nio.channels.WritableByteChannel;
035 import java.security.MessageDigest;
036 import java.util.Arrays;
037 import java.util.zip.Checksum;
038
039 /**
040 * Provides utility methods for working with byte arrays and I/O streams.
041 *
042 * <p>All method parameters must be non-null unless documented otherwise.
043 *
044 * @author Chris Nokleberg
045 * @since 1
046 */
047 @Beta
048 public final class ByteStreams {
049 private static final int BUF_SIZE = 0x1000; // 4K
050
051 private ByteStreams() {}
052
053 /**
054 * Returns a factory that will supply instances of
055 * {@link ByteArrayInputStream} that read from the given byte array.
056 *
057 * @param b the input buffer
058 * @return the factory
059 */
060 public static InputSupplier<ByteArrayInputStream> newInputStreamSupplier(
061 byte[] b) {
062 return newInputStreamSupplier(b, 0, b.length);
063 }
064
065 /**
066 * Returns a factory that will supply instances of
067 * {@link ByteArrayInputStream} that read from the given byte array.
068 *
069 * @param b the input buffer
070 * @param off the offset in the buffer of the first byte to read
071 * @param len the maximum number of bytes to read from the buffer
072 * @return the factory
073 */
074 public static InputSupplier<ByteArrayInputStream> newInputStreamSupplier(
075 final byte[] b, final int off, final int len) {
076 return new InputSupplier<ByteArrayInputStream>() {
077 @Override
078 public ByteArrayInputStream getInput() {
079 return new ByteArrayInputStream(b, off, len);
080 }
081 };
082 }
083
084 /**
085 * Writes a byte array to an output stream from the given supplier.
086 *
087 * @param from the bytes to write
088 * @param to the output supplier
089 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
090 */
091 public static void write(byte[] from,
092 OutputSupplier<? extends OutputStream> to) throws IOException {
093 Preconditions.checkNotNull(from);
094 boolean threw = true;
095 OutputStream out = to.getOutput();
096 try {
097 out.write(from);
098 threw = false;
099 } finally {
100 Closeables.close(out, threw);
101 }
102 }
103
104 /**
105 * Opens input and output streams from the given suppliers, copies all
106 * bytes from the input to the output, and closes the streams.
107 *
108 * @param from the input factory
109 * @param to the output factory
110 * @return the number of bytes copied
111 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
112 */
113 public static long copy(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> from,
114 OutputSupplier<? extends OutputStream> to) throws IOException {
115 boolean threw = true;
116 InputStream in = from.getInput();
117 try {
118 OutputStream out = to.getOutput();
119 try {
120 long count = copy(in, out);
121 threw = false;
122 return count;
123 } finally {
124 Closeables.close(out, threw);
125 }
126 } finally {
127 Closeables.close(in, threw);
128 }
129 }
130
131 /**
132 * Opens an input stream from the supplier, copies all bytes from the
133 * input to the output, and closes the input stream. Does not close
134 * or flush the output stream.
135 *
136 * @param from the input factory
137 * @param to the output stream to write to
138 * @return the number of bytes copied
139 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
140 */
141 public static long copy(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> from,
142 OutputStream to) throws IOException {
143 boolean threw = true;
144 InputStream in = from.getInput();
145 try {
146 long count = copy(in, to);
147 threw = false;
148 return count;
149 } finally {
150 Closeables.close(in, threw);
151 }
152 }
153
154 /**
155 * Copies all bytes from the input stream to the output stream.
156 * Does not close or flush either stream.
157 *
158 * @param from the input stream to read from
159 * @param to the output stream to write to
160 * @return the number of bytes copied
161 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
162 */
163 public static long copy(InputStream from, OutputStream to)
164 throws IOException {
165 byte[] buf = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
166 long total = 0;
167 while (true) {
168 int r = from.read(buf);
169 if (r == -1) {
170 break;
171 }
172 to.write(buf, 0, r);
173 total += r;
174 }
175 return total;
176 }
177
178 /**
179 * Copies all bytes from the readable channel to the writable channel.
180 * Does not close or flush either channel.
181 *
182 * @param from the readable channel to read from
183 * @param to the writable channel to write to
184 * @return the number of bytes copied
185 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
186 */
187 public static long copy(ReadableByteChannel from,
188 WritableByteChannel to) throws IOException {
189 ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(BUF_SIZE);
190 long total = 0;
191 while (from.read(buf) != -1) {
192 buf.flip();
193 while (buf.hasRemaining()) {
194 total += to.write(buf);
195 }
196 buf.clear();
197 }
198 return total;
199 }
200
201 /**
202 * Reads all bytes from an input stream into a byte array.
203 * Does not close the stream.
204 *
205 * @param in the input stream to read from
206 * @return a byte array containing all the bytes from the stream
207 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
208 */
209 public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream in) throws IOException {
210 ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
211 copy(in, out);
212 return out.toByteArray();
213 }
214
215 /**
216 * Returns the data from a {@link InputStream} factory as a byte array.
217 *
218 * @param supplier the factory
219 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
220 */
221 public static byte[] toByteArray(
222 InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier) throws IOException {
223 boolean threw = true;
224 InputStream in = supplier.getInput();
225 try {
226 byte[] result = toByteArray(in);
227 threw = false;
228 return result;
229 } finally {
230 Closeables.close(in, threw);
231 }
232 }
233
234 /**
235 * Returns a new {@link ByteArrayDataInput} instance to read from the {@code
236 * bytes} array from the beginning.
237 */
238 public static ByteArrayDataInput newDataInput(byte[] bytes) {
239 return new ByteArrayDataInputStream(bytes);
240 }
241
242 /**
243 * Returns a new {@link ByteArrayDataInput} instance to read from the {@code
244 * bytes} array, starting at the given position.
245 *
246 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code start} is negative or greater
247 * than the length of the array
248 */
249 public static ByteArrayDataInput newDataInput(byte[] bytes, int start) {
250 Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(start, bytes.length);
251 return new ByteArrayDataInputStream(bytes, start);
252 }
253
254 private static class ByteArrayDataInputStream implements ByteArrayDataInput {
255 final DataInput input;
256
257 ByteArrayDataInputStream(byte[] bytes) {
258 this.input = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
259 }
260
261 ByteArrayDataInputStream(byte[] bytes, int start) {
262 this.input = new DataInputStream(
263 new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes, start, bytes.length - start));
264 }
265
266 @Override public void readFully(byte b[]) {
267 try {
268 input.readFully(b);
269 } catch (IOException e) {
270 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
271 }
272 }
273
274 @Override public void readFully(byte b[], int off, int len) {
275 try {
276 input.readFully(b, off, len);
277 } catch (IOException e) {
278 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
279 }
280 }
281
282 @Override public int skipBytes(int n) {
283 try {
284 return input.skipBytes(n);
285 } catch (IOException e) {
286 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
287 }
288 }
289
290 @Override public boolean readBoolean() {
291 try {
292 return input.readBoolean();
293 } catch (IOException e) {
294 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
295 }
296 }
297
298 @Override public byte readByte() {
299 try {
300 return input.readByte();
301 } catch (EOFException e) {
302 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
303 } catch (IOException impossible) {
304 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
305 }
306 }
307
308 @Override public int readUnsignedByte() {
309 try {
310 return input.readUnsignedByte();
311 } catch (IOException e) {
312 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
313 }
314 }
315
316 @Override public short readShort() {
317 try {
318 return input.readShort();
319 } catch (IOException e) {
320 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
321 }
322 }
323
324 @Override public int readUnsignedShort() {
325 try {
326 return input.readUnsignedShort();
327 } catch (IOException e) {
328 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
329 }
330 }
331
332 @Override public char readChar() {
333 try {
334 return input.readChar();
335 } catch (IOException e) {
336 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
337 }
338 }
339
340 @Override public int readInt() {
341 try {
342 return input.readInt();
343 } catch (IOException e) {
344 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
345 }
346 }
347
348 @Override public long readLong() {
349 try {
350 return input.readLong();
351 } catch (IOException e) {
352 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
353 }
354 }
355
356 @Override public float readFloat() {
357 try {
358 return input.readFloat();
359 } catch (IOException e) {
360 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
361 }
362 }
363
364 @Override public double readDouble() {
365 try {
366 return input.readDouble();
367 } catch (IOException e) {
368 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
369 }
370 }
371
372 @Override public String readLine() {
373 try {
374 return input.readLine();
375 } catch (IOException e) {
376 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
377 }
378 }
379
380 @Override public String readUTF() {
381 try {
382 return input.readUTF();
383 } catch (IOException e) {
384 throw new IllegalStateException(e);
385 }
386 }
387 }
388
389 /**
390 * Returns a new {@link ByteArrayDataOutput} instance with a default size.
391 */
392 public static ByteArrayDataOutput newDataOutput() {
393 return new ByteArrayDataOutputStream();
394 }
395
396 /**
397 * Returns a new {@link ByteArrayDataOutput} instance sized to hold
398 * {@code size} bytes before resizing.
399 *
400 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
401 */
402 public static ByteArrayDataOutput newDataOutput(int size) {
403 Preconditions.checkArgument(size >= 0, "Invalid size: %s", size);
404 return new ByteArrayDataOutputStream(size);
405 }
406
407 @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") // for writeBytes
408 private static class ByteArrayDataOutputStream
409 implements ByteArrayDataOutput {
410
411 final DataOutput output;
412 final ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputSteam;
413
414 ByteArrayDataOutputStream() {
415 this(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
416 }
417
418 ByteArrayDataOutputStream(int size) {
419 this(new ByteArrayOutputStream(size));
420 }
421
422 ByteArrayDataOutputStream(ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputSteam) {
423 this.byteArrayOutputSteam = byteArrayOutputSteam;
424 output = new DataOutputStream(byteArrayOutputSteam);
425 }
426
427 @Override public void write(int b) {
428 try {
429 output.write(b);
430 } catch (IOException impossible) {
431 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
432 }
433 }
434
435 @Override public void write(byte[] b) {
436 try {
437 output.write(b);
438 } catch (IOException impossible) {
439 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
440 }
441 }
442
443 @Override public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) {
444 try {
445 output.write(b, off, len);
446 } catch (IOException impossible) {
447 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
448 }
449 }
450
451 @Override public void writeBoolean(boolean v) {
452 try {
453 output.writeBoolean(v);
454 } catch (IOException impossible) {
455 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
456 }
457 }
458
459 @Override public void writeByte(int v) {
460 try {
461 output.writeByte(v);
462 } catch (IOException impossible) {
463 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
464 }
465 }
466
467 @Override public void writeBytes(String s) {
468 try {
469 output.writeBytes(s);
470 } catch (IOException impossible) {
471 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
472 }
473 }
474
475 @Override public void writeChar(int v) {
476 try {
477 output.writeChar(v);
478 } catch (IOException impossible) {
479 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
480 }
481 }
482
483 @Override public void writeChars(String s) {
484 try {
485 output.writeChars(s);
486 } catch (IOException impossible) {
487 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
488 }
489 }
490
491 @Override public void writeDouble(double v) {
492 try {
493 output.writeDouble(v);
494 } catch (IOException impossible) {
495 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
496 }
497 }
498
499 @Override public void writeFloat(float v) {
500 try {
501 output.writeFloat(v);
502 } catch (IOException impossible) {
503 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
504 }
505 }
506
507 @Override public void writeInt(int v) {
508 try {
509 output.writeInt(v);
510 } catch (IOException impossible) {
511 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
512 }
513 }
514
515 @Override public void writeLong(long v) {
516 try {
517 output.writeLong(v);
518 } catch (IOException impossible) {
519 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
520 }
521 }
522
523 @Override public void writeShort(int v) {
524 try {
525 output.writeShort(v);
526 } catch (IOException impossible) {
527 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
528 }
529 }
530
531 @Override public void writeUTF(String s) {
532 try {
533 output.writeUTF(s);
534 } catch (IOException impossible) {
535 throw new AssertionError(impossible);
536 }
537 }
538
539 @Override public byte[] toByteArray() {
540 return byteArrayOutputSteam.toByteArray();
541 }
542
543 }
544
545 // TODO(chrisn): Not all streams support skipping.
546 /** Returns the length of a supplied input stream, in bytes. */
547 public static long length(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier)
548 throws IOException {
549 long count = 0;
550 boolean threw = true;
551 InputStream in = supplier.getInput();
552 try {
553 while (true) {
554 // We skip only Integer.MAX_VALUE due to JDK overflow bugs.
555 long amt = in.skip(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
556 if (amt == 0) {
557 if (in.read() == -1) {
558 threw = false;
559 return count;
560 }
561 count++;
562 } else {
563 count += amt;
564 }
565 }
566 } finally {
567 Closeables.close(in, threw);
568 }
569 }
570
571 /**
572 * Returns true if the supplied input streams contain the same bytes.
573 *
574 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
575 */
576 public static boolean equal(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier1,
577 InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier2) throws IOException {
578 byte[] buf1 = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
579 byte[] buf2 = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
580
581 boolean threw = true;
582 InputStream in1 = supplier1.getInput();
583 try {
584 InputStream in2 = supplier2.getInput();
585 try {
586 while (true) {
587 int read1 = read(in1, buf1, 0, BUF_SIZE);
588 int read2 = read(in2, buf2, 0, BUF_SIZE);
589 if (read1 != read2 || !Arrays.equals(buf1, buf2)) {
590 threw = false;
591 return false;
592 } else if (read1 != BUF_SIZE) {
593 threw = false;
594 return true;
595 }
596 }
597 } finally {
598 Closeables.close(in2, threw);
599 }
600 } finally {
601 Closeables.close(in1, threw);
602 }
603 }
604
605 /**
606 * Attempts to read enough bytes from the stream to fill the given byte array,
607 * with the same behavior as {@link DataInput#readFully(byte[])}.
608 * Does not close the stream.
609 *
610 * @param in the input stream to read from.
611 * @param b the buffer into which the data is read.
612 * @throws EOFException if this stream reaches the end before reading all
613 * the bytes.
614 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
615 */
616 public static void readFully(InputStream in, byte[] b) throws IOException {
617 readFully(in, b, 0, b.length);
618 }
619
620 /**
621 * Attempts to read {@code len} bytes from the stream into the given array
622 * starting at {@code off}, with the same behavior as
623 * {@link DataInput#readFully(byte[], int, int)}. Does not close the
624 * stream.
625 *
626 * @param in the input stream to read from.
627 * @param b the buffer into which the data is read.
628 * @param off an int specifying the offset into the data.
629 * @param len an int specifying the number of bytes to read.
630 * @throws EOFException if this stream reaches the end before reading all
631 * the bytes.
632 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
633 */
634 public static void readFully(InputStream in, byte[] b, int off, int len)
635 throws IOException {
636 if (read(in, b, off, len) != len) {
637 throw new EOFException();
638 }
639 }
640
641 /**
642 * Discards {@code n} bytes of data from the input stream. This method
643 * will block until the full amount has been skipped. Does not close the
644 * stream.
645 *
646 * @param in the input stream to read from
647 * @param n the number of bytes to skip
648 * @throws EOFException if this stream reaches the end before skipping all
649 * the bytes
650 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs, or the stream does not
651 * support skipping
652 */
653 public static void skipFully(InputStream in, long n) throws IOException {
654 while (n > 0) {
655 long amt = in.skip(n);
656 if (amt == 0) {
657 // Force a blocking read to avoid infinite loop
658 if (in.read() == -1) {
659 throw new EOFException();
660 }
661 n--;
662 } else {
663 n -= amt;
664 }
665 }
666 }
667
668 /**
669 * Process the bytes of a supplied stream
670 *
671 * @param supplier the input stream factory
672 * @param processor the object to which to pass the bytes of the stream
673 * @return the result of the byte processor
674 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
675 */
676 public static <T> T readBytes(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier,
677 ByteProcessor<T> processor) throws IOException {
678 byte[] buf = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
679 boolean threw = true;
680 InputStream in = supplier.getInput();
681 try {
682 int amt;
683 do {
684 amt = in.read(buf);
685 if (amt == -1) {
686 threw = false;
687 break;
688 }
689 } while (processor.processBytes(buf, 0, amt));
690 return processor.getResult();
691 } finally {
692 Closeables.close(in, threw);
693 }
694 }
695
696 /**
697 * Computes and returns the checksum value for a supplied input stream.
698 * The checksum object is reset when this method returns successfully.
699 *
700 * @param supplier the input stream factory
701 * @param checksum the checksum object
702 * @return the result of {@link Checksum#getValue} after updating the
703 * checksum object with all of the bytes in the stream
704 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
705 */
706 public static long getChecksum(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier,
707 final Checksum checksum) throws IOException {
708 return readBytes(supplier, new ByteProcessor<Long>() {
709 @Override
710 public boolean processBytes(byte[] buf, int off, int len) {
711 checksum.update(buf, off, len);
712 return true;
713 }
714
715 @Override
716 public Long getResult() {
717 long result = checksum.getValue();
718 checksum.reset();
719 return result;
720 }
721 });
722 }
723
724 /**
725 * Computes and returns the digest value for a supplied input stream.
726 * The digest object is reset when this method returns successfully.
727 *
728 * @param supplier the input stream factory
729 * @param md the digest object
730 * @return the result of {@link MessageDigest#digest()} after updating the
731 * digest object with all of the bytes in the stream
732 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
733 */
734 public static byte[] getDigest(InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier,
735 final MessageDigest md) throws IOException {
736 return readBytes(supplier, new ByteProcessor<byte[]>() {
737 @Override
738 public boolean processBytes(byte[] buf, int off, int len) {
739 md.update(buf, off, len);
740 return true;
741 }
742
743 @Override
744 public byte[] getResult() {
745 return md.digest();
746 }
747 });
748 }
749
750 /**
751 * Reads some bytes from an input stream and stores them into the buffer array
752 * {@code b}. This method blocks until {@code len} bytes of input data have
753 * been read into the array, or end of file is detected. The number of bytes
754 * read is returned, possibly zero. Does not close the stream.
755 *
756 * <p>A caller can detect EOF if the number of bytes read is less than
757 * {@code len}. All subsequent calls on the same stream will return zero.
758 *
759 * <p>If {@code b} is null, a {@code NullPointerException} is thrown. If
760 * {@code off} is negative, or {@code len} is negative, or {@code off+len} is
761 * greater than the length of the array {@code b}, then an
762 * {@code IndexOutOfBoundsException} is thrown. If {@code len} is zero, then
763 * no bytes are read. Otherwise, the first byte read is stored into element
764 * {@code b[off]}, the next one into {@code b[off+1]}, and so on. The number
765 * of bytes read is, at most, equal to {@code len}.
766 *
767 * @param in the input stream to read from
768 * @param b the buffer into which the data is read
769 * @param off an int specifying the offset into the data
770 * @param len an int specifying the number of bytes to read
771 * @return the number of bytes read
772 * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
773 */
774 public static int read(InputStream in, byte[] b, int off, int len)
775 throws IOException {
776 if (len < 0) {
777 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("len is negative");
778 }
779 int total = 0;
780 while (total < len) {
781 int result = in.read(b, off + total, len - total);
782 if (result == -1) {
783 break;
784 }
785 total += result;
786 }
787 return total;
788 }
789
790 /**
791 * Returns an {@link InputSupplier} that returns input streams from the
792 * an underlying supplier, where each stream starts at the given
793 * offset and is limited to the specified number of bytes.
794 *
795 * @param supplier the supplier from which to get the raw streams
796 * @param offset the offset in bytes into the underlying stream where
797 * the returned streams will start
798 * @param length the maximum length of the returned streams
799 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if offset or length are negative
800 */
801 public static InputSupplier<InputStream> slice(
802 final InputSupplier<? extends InputStream> supplier,
803 final long offset,
804 final long length) {
805 Preconditions.checkNotNull(supplier);
806 Preconditions.checkArgument(offset >= 0, "offset is negative");
807 Preconditions.checkArgument(length >= 0, "length is negative");
808 return new InputSupplier<InputStream>() {
809 @Override public InputStream getInput() throws IOException {
810 InputStream in = supplier.getInput();
811 if (offset > 0) {
812 try {
813 skipFully(in, offset);
814 } catch (IOException e) {
815 Closeables.closeQuietly(in);
816 throw e;
817 }
818 }
819 return new LimitInputStream(in, length);
820 }
821 };
822 }
823
824 /**
825 * Joins multiple {@link InputStream} suppliers into a single supplier.
826 * Streams returned from the supplier will contain the concatenated data from
827 * the streams of the underlying suppliers.
828 *
829 * <p>Only one underlying input stream will be open at a time. Closing the
830 * joined stream will close the open underlying stream.
831 *
832 * <p>Reading from the joined stream will throw a {@link NullPointerException}
833 * if any of the suppliers are null or return null.
834 *
835 * @param suppliers the suppliers to concatenate
836 * @return a supplier that will return a stream containing the concatenated
837 * stream data
838 */
839 public static InputSupplier<InputStream> join(
840 final Iterable<? extends InputSupplier<? extends InputStream>> suppliers) {
841 return new InputSupplier<InputStream>() {
842 @Override public InputStream getInput() throws IOException {
843 return new MultiInputStream(suppliers.iterator());
844 }
845 };
846 }
847
848 /** Varargs form of {@link #join(Iterable)}. */
849 public static InputSupplier<InputStream> join(
850 InputSupplier<? extends InputStream>... suppliers) {
851 return join(Arrays.asList(suppliers));
852 }
853 }