001/*
002 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Guava Authors
003 *
004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
005 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
006 *
007 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
008 *
009 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
010 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
011 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
012 * the License.
013 */
014
015package com.google.common.base;
016
017import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
018
019import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
020import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
021import java.io.Serializable;
022import java.util.Iterator;
023import java.util.Set;
024import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;
025
026/**
027 * An immutable object that may contain a non-null reference to another object. Each instance of
028 * this type either contains a non-null reference, or contains nothing (in which case we say that
029 * the reference is "absent"); it is never said to "contain {@code null}".
030 *
031 * <p>A non-null {@code Optional<T>} reference can be used as a replacement for a nullable {@code T}
032 * reference. It allows you to represent "a {@code T} that must be present" and a "a {@code T} that
033 * might be absent" as two distinct types in your program, which can aid clarity.
034 *
035 * <p>Some uses of this class include
036 *
037 * <ul>
038 *   <li>As a method return type, as an alternative to returning {@code null} to indicate that no
039 *       value was available
040 *   <li>To distinguish between "unknown" (for example, not present in a map) and "known to have no
041 *       value" (present in the map, with value {@code Optional.absent()})
042 *   <li>To wrap nullable references for storage in a collection that does not support {@code null}
043 *       (though there are <a
044 *       href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/LivingWithNullHostileCollections">several other
045 *       approaches to this</a> that should be considered first)
046 * </ul>
047 *
048 * <p>A common alternative to using this class is to find or create a suitable <a
049 * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_Object_pattern">null object</a> for the type in question.
050 *
051 * <p>This class is not intended as a direct analogue of any existing "option" or "maybe" construct
052 * from other programming environments, though it may bear some similarities.
053 *
054 * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional} (JDK 8 and higher):</b> A new {@code Optional}
055 * class was added for Java 8. The two classes are extremely similar, but incompatible (they cannot
056 * share a common supertype). <i>All</i> known differences are listed either here or with the
057 * relevant methods below.
058 *
059 * <ul>
060 *   <li>This class is serializable; {@code java.util.Optional} is not.
061 *   <li>{@code java.util.Optional} has the additional methods {@code ifPresent}, {@code filter},
062 *       {@code flatMap}, and {@code orElseThrow}.
063 *   <li>{@code java.util} offers the primitive-specialized versions {@code OptionalInt}, {@code
064 *       OptionalLong} and {@code OptionalDouble}, the use of which is recommended; Guava does not
065 *       have these.
066 * </ul>
067 *
068 * <p><b>There are no plans to deprecate this class in the foreseeable future.</b> However, we do
069 * gently recommend that you prefer the new, standard Java class whenever possible.
070 *
071 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a
072 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/UsingAndAvoidingNullExplained#optional">using {@code
073 * Optional}</a>.
074 *
075 * @param <T> the type of instance that can be contained. {@code Optional} is naturally covariant on
076 *     this type, so it is safe to cast an {@code Optional<T>} to {@code Optional<S>} for any
077 *     supertype {@code S} of {@code T}.
078 * @author Kurt Alfred Kluever
079 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
080 * @since 10.0
081 */
082@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
083public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
084  /**
085   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
086   *
087   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
088   * {@code Optional.empty}.
089   */
090  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {
091    return Absent.withType();
092  }
093
094  /**
095   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance containing the given non-null reference. To have {@code
096   * null} treated as {@link #absent}, use {@link #fromNullable} instead.
097   *
098   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
099   *
100   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
101   */
102  public static <T> Optional<T> of(T reference) {
103    return new Present<T>(checkNotNull(reference));
104  }
105
106  /**
107   * If {@code nullableReference} is non-null, returns an {@code Optional} instance containing that
108   * reference; otherwise returns {@link Optional#absent}.
109   *
110   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
111   * {@code Optional.ofNullable}.
112   */
113  public static <T> Optional<T> fromNullable(@Nullable T nullableReference) {
114    return (nullableReference == null) ? Optional.<T>absent() : new Present<T>(nullableReference);
115  }
116
117  /**
118   * Returns the equivalent {@code com.google.common.base.Optional} value to the given {@code
119   * java.util.Optional}, or {@code null} if the argument is null.
120   *
121   * @since 21.0
122   */
123  public static <T> @Nullable Optional<T> fromJavaUtil(
124      java.util.@Nullable Optional<T> javaUtilOptional) {
125    return (javaUtilOptional == null) ? null : fromNullable(javaUtilOptional.orElse(null));
126  }
127
128  /**
129   * Returns the equivalent {@code java.util.Optional} value to the given {@code
130   * com.google.common.base.Optional}, or {@code null} if the argument is null.
131   *
132   * <p>If {@code googleOptional} is known to be non-null, use {@code googleOptional.toJavaUtil()}
133   * instead.
134   *
135   * <p>Unfortunately, the method reference {@code Optional::toJavaUtil} will not work, because it
136   * could refer to either the static or instance version of this method. Write out the lambda
137   * expression {@code o -> Optional.toJavaUtil(o)} instead.
138   *
139   * @since 21.0
140   */
141  public static <T> java.util.@Nullable Optional<T> toJavaUtil(
142      @Nullable Optional<T> googleOptional) {
143    return googleOptional == null ? null : googleOptional.toJavaUtil();
144  }
145
146  /**
147   * Returns the equivalent {@code java.util.Optional} value to this optional.
148   *
149   * <p>Unfortunately, the method reference {@code Optional::toJavaUtil} will not work, because it
150   * could refer to either the static or instance version of this method. Write out the lambda
151   * expression {@code o -> o.toJavaUtil()} instead.
152   *
153   * @since 21.0
154   */
155  public java.util.Optional<T> toJavaUtil() {
156    return java.util.Optional.ofNullable(orNull());
157  }
158
159  Optional() {}
160
161  /**
162   * Returns {@code true} if this holder contains a (non-null) instance.
163   *
164   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
165   */
166  public abstract boolean isPresent();
167
168  /**
169   * Returns the contained instance, which must be present. If the instance might be absent, use
170   * {@link #or(Object)} or {@link #orNull} instead.
171   *
172   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> when the value is absent, this method
173   * throws {@link IllegalStateException}, whereas the Java 8 counterpart throws {@link
174   * java.util.NoSuchElementException NoSuchElementException}.
175   *
176   * @throws IllegalStateException if the instance is absent ({@link #isPresent} returns {@code
177   *     false}); depending on this <i>specific</i> exception type (over the more general {@link
178   *     RuntimeException}) is discouraged
179   */
180  public abstract T get();
181
182  /**
183   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code defaultValue} otherwise. If no default
184   * value should be required because the instance is known to be present, use {@link #get()}
185   * instead. For a default value of {@code null}, use {@link #orNull}.
186   *
187   * <p>Note about generics: The signature {@code public T or(T defaultValue)} is overly
188   * restrictive. However, the ideal signature, {@code public <S super T> S or(S)}, is not legal
189   * Java. As a result, some sensible operations involving subtypes are compile errors:
190   *
191   * <pre>{@code
192   * Optional<Integer> optionalInt = getSomeOptionalInt();
193   * Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // error
194   *
195   * FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
196   * Optional<? extends Number> first = numbers.first();
197   * Number value = first.or(0.5); // error
198   * }</pre>
199   *
200   * <p>As a workaround, it is always safe to cast an {@code Optional<? extends T>} to {@code
201   * Optional<T>}. Casting either of the above example {@code Optional} instances to {@code
202   * Optional<Number>} (where {@code Number} is the desired output type) solves the problem:
203   *
204   * <pre>{@code
205   * Optional<Number> optionalInt = (Optional) getSomeOptionalInt();
206   * Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // fine
207   *
208   * FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
209   * Optional<Number> first = (Optional) numbers.first();
210   * Number value = first.or(0.5); // fine
211   * }</pre>
212   *
213   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's {@code
214   * Optional.orElse}, but will not accept {@code null} as a {@code defaultValue} ({@link #orNull}
215   * must be used instead). As a result, the value returned by this method is guaranteed non-null,
216   * which is not the case for the {@code java.util} equivalent.
217   */
218  public abstract T or(T defaultValue);
219
220  /**
221   * Returns this {@code Optional} if it has a value present; {@code secondChoice} otherwise.
222   *
223   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
224   * {@code Optional} class; write {@code thisOptional.isPresent() ? thisOptional : secondChoice}
225   * instead.
226   */
227  public abstract Optional<T> or(Optional<? extends T> secondChoice);
228
229  /**
230   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code supplier.get()} otherwise.
231   *
232   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's {@code
233   * Optional.orElseGet}, except when {@code supplier} returns {@code null}. In this case this
234   * method throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns the {@code null} to the caller.
235   *
236   * @throws NullPointerException if this optional's value is absent and the supplier returns {@code
237   *     null}
238   */
239  @Beta
240  public abstract T or(Supplier<? extends T> supplier);
241
242  /**
243   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code null} otherwise. If the instance is
244   * known to be present, use {@link #get()} instead.
245   *
246   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
247   * {@code Optional.orElse(null)}.
248   */
249  public abstract @Nullable T orNull();
250
251  /**
252   * Returns an immutable singleton {@link Set} whose only element is the contained instance if it
253   * is present; an empty immutable {@link Set} otherwise.
254   *
255   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
256   * {@code Optional} class. However, this common usage:
257   *
258   * <pre>{@code
259   * for (Foo foo : possibleFoo.asSet()) {
260   *   doSomethingWith(foo);
261   * }
262   * }</pre>
263   *
264   * ... can be replaced with:
265   *
266   * <pre>{@code
267   * possibleFoo.ifPresent(foo -> doSomethingWith(foo));
268   * }</pre>
269   *
270   * @since 11.0
271   */
272  public abstract Set<T> asSet();
273
274  /**
275   * If the instance is present, it is transformed with the given {@link Function}; otherwise,
276   * {@link Optional#absent} is returned.
277   *
278   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's {@code
279   * Optional.map}, except when {@code function} returns {@code null}. In this case this method
280   * throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns {@code Optional.absent()}.
281   *
282   * @throws NullPointerException if the function returns {@code null}
283   * @since 12.0
284   */
285  public abstract <V> Optional<V> transform(Function<? super T, V> function);
286
287  /**
288   * Returns {@code true} if {@code object} is an {@code Optional} instance, and either the
289   * contained references are {@linkplain Object#equals equal} to each other or both are absent.
290   * Note that {@code Optional} instances of differing parameterized types can be equal.
291   *
292   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
293   */
294  @Override
295  public abstract boolean equals(@Nullable Object object);
296
297  /**
298   * Returns a hash code for this instance.
299   *
300   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific choice of
301   * hash code unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
302   */
303  @Override
304  public abstract int hashCode();
305
306  /**
307   * Returns a string representation for this instance.
308   *
309   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific string
310   * representation unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
311   */
312  @Override
313  public abstract String toString();
314
315  /**
316   * Returns the value of each present instance from the supplied {@code optionals}, in order,
317   * skipping over occurrences of {@link Optional#absent}. Iterators are unmodifiable and are
318   * evaluated lazily.
319   *
320   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
321   * {@code Optional} class; use {@code
322   * optionals.stream().filter(Optional::isPresent).map(Optional::get)} instead.
323   *
324   * @since 11.0 (generics widened in 13.0)
325   */
326  @Beta
327  public static <T> Iterable<T> presentInstances(
328      final Iterable<? extends Optional<? extends T>> optionals) {
329    checkNotNull(optionals);
330    return new Iterable<T>() {
331      @Override
332      public Iterator<T> iterator() {
333        return new AbstractIterator<T>() {
334          private final Iterator<? extends Optional<? extends T>> iterator =
335              checkNotNull(optionals.iterator());
336
337          @Override
338          protected T computeNext() {
339            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
340              Optional<? extends T> optional = iterator.next();
341              if (optional.isPresent()) {
342                return optional.get();
343              }
344            }
345            return endOfData();
346          }
347        };
348      }
349    };
350  }
351
352  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
353}