001/*
002 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Guava Authors
003 *
004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
005 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
006 *
007 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
008 *
009 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
010 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
011 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
012 * the License.
013 */
014
015package com.google.common.base;
016
017import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
018
019import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
020import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
021import java.io.Serializable;
022import java.util.Iterator;
023import java.util.Set;
024import javax.annotation.Nullable;
025
026/**
027 * An immutable object that may contain a non-null reference to another object. Each instance of
028 * this type either contains a non-null reference, or contains nothing (in which case we say that
029 * the reference is "absent"); it is never said to "contain {@code
030 * null}".
031 *
032 * <p>A non-null {@code Optional<T>} reference can be used as a replacement for a nullable {@code T}
033 * reference. It allows you to represent "a {@code T} that must be present" and a
034 * "a {@code T} that might be absent" as two distinct types in your program, which can aid clarity.
035 *
036 * <p>Some uses of this class include
037 *
038 * <ul>
039 * <li>As a method return type, as an alternative to returning {@code null} to indicate that no
040 *     value was available
041 * <li>To distinguish between "unknown" (for example, not present in a map) and "known to have no
042 *     value" (present in the map, with value {@code Optional.absent()})
043 * <li>To wrap nullable references for storage in a collection that does not support {@code null}
044 *     (though there are
045 *     <a href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/LivingWithNullHostileCollections">several other
046 *     approaches to this</a> that should be considered first)
047 * </ul>
048 *
049 * <p>A common alternative to using this class is to find or create a suitable
050 * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_Object_pattern">null object</a> for the type in
051 * question.
052 *
053 * <p>This class is not intended as a direct analogue of any existing "option" or "maybe" construct
054 * from other programming environments, though it may bear some similarities.
055 *
056 * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional} (JDK 8 and higher):</b> A new {@code Optional}
057 * class was added for Java 8. The two classes are extremely similar, but incompatible (they cannot
058 * share a common supertype). <i>All</i> known differences are listed either here or with the
059 * relevant methods below.
060 *
061 * <ul>
062 * <li>This class is serializable; {@code java.util.Optional} is not.
063 * <li>{@code java.util.Optional} has the additional methods {@code ifPresent}, {@code filter},
064 *     {@code flatMap}, and {@code orElseThrow}.
065 * <li>{@code java.util} offers the primitive-specialized versions {@code OptionalInt}, {@code
066 *     OptionalLong} and {@code OptionalDouble}, the use of which is recommended; Guava does not
067 *     have these.
068 * </ul>
069 *
070 * <p><b>There are no plans to deprecate this class in the foreseeable future.</b> However, we do
071 * gently recommend that you prefer the new, standard Java class whenever possible.
072 *
073 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on
074 * <a href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/UsingAndAvoidingNullExplained#optional">using
075 * {@code Optional}</a>.
076 *
077 * @param <T> the type of instance that can be contained. {@code Optional} is naturally covariant on
078 *     this type, so it is safe to cast an {@code Optional<T>} to {@code
079 *     Optional<S>} for any supertype {@code S} of {@code T}.
080 * @author Kurt Alfred Kluever
081 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
082 * @since 10.0
083 */
084@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
085public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
086  /**
087   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
088   *
089   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
090   * {@code Optional.empty}.
091   */
092  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {
093    return Absent.withType();
094  }
095
096  /**
097   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance containing the given non-null reference. To have {@code
098   * null} treated as {@link #absent}, use {@link #fromNullable} instead.
099   *
100   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
101   *
102   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
103   */
104  public static <T> Optional<T> of(T reference) {
105    return new Present<T>(checkNotNull(reference));
106  }
107
108  /**
109   * If {@code nullableReference} is non-null, returns an {@code Optional} instance containing that
110   * reference; otherwise returns {@link Optional#absent}.
111   *
112   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
113   * {@code Optional.ofNullable}.
114   */
115  public static <T> Optional<T> fromNullable(@Nullable T nullableReference) {
116    return (nullableReference == null)
117        ? Optional.<T>absent()
118        : new Present<T>(nullableReference);
119  }
120
121  Optional() {}
122
123  /**
124   * Returns {@code true} if this holder contains a (non-null) instance.
125   *
126   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
127   */
128  public abstract boolean isPresent();
129
130  /**
131   * Returns the contained instance, which must be present. If the instance might be absent, use
132   * {@link #or(Object)} or {@link #orNull} instead.
133   *
134   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> when the value is absent, this method
135   * throws {@link IllegalStateException}, whereas the Java 8 counterpart throws
136   * {@link NoSuchElementException}.
137   *
138   * @throws IllegalStateException if the instance is absent ({@link #isPresent} returns
139   *     {@code false}); depending on this <i>specific</i> exception type (over the more general
140   *     {@link RuntimeException}) is discouraged
141   */
142  public abstract T get();
143
144  /**
145   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code defaultValue} otherwise. If no default
146   * value should be required because the instance is known to be present, use {@link #get()}
147   * instead. For a default value of {@code null}, use {@link #orNull}.
148   *
149   * <p>Note about generics: The signature {@code public T or(T defaultValue)} is overly
150   * restrictive. However, the ideal signature, {@code public <S super T> S or(S)}, is not legal
151   * Java. As a result, some sensible operations involving subtypes are compile errors:
152   * <pre>   {@code
153   *
154   *   Optional<Integer> optionalInt = getSomeOptionalInt();
155   *   Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // error
156   *
157   *   FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
158   *   Optional<? extends Number> first = numbers.first();
159   *   Number value = first.or(0.5); // error}</pre>
160   *
161   * <p>As a workaround, it is always safe to cast an {@code Optional<? extends T>} to {@code
162   * Optional<T>}. Casting either of the above example {@code Optional} instances to {@code
163   * Optional<Number>} (where {@code Number} is the desired output type) solves the problem:
164   * <pre>   {@code
165   *
166   *   Optional<Number> optionalInt = (Optional) getSomeOptionalInt();
167   *   Number value = optionalInt.or(0.5); // fine
168   *
169   *   FluentIterable<? extends Number> numbers = getSomeNumbers();
170   *   Optional<Number> first = (Optional) numbers.first();
171   *   Number value = first.or(0.5); // fine}</pre>
172   *
173   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
174   * {@code Optional.orElse}, but will not accept {@code null} as a {@code defaultValue}
175   * ({@link #orNull} must be used instead). As a result, the value returned by this method is
176   * guaranteed non-null, which is not the case for the {@code java.util} equivalent.
177   */
178  public abstract T or(T defaultValue);
179
180  /**
181   * Returns this {@code Optional} if it has a value present; {@code secondChoice} otherwise.
182   *
183   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
184   * {@code Optional} class; write {@code thisOptional.isPresent() ? thisOptional : secondChoice}
185   * instead.
186   */
187  public abstract Optional<T> or(Optional<? extends T> secondChoice);
188
189  /**
190   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code supplier.get()} otherwise.
191   *
192   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
193   * {@code Optional.orElseGet}, except when {@code supplier} returns {@code null}. In this case
194   * this method throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns the {@code null} to the
195   * caller.
196   *
197   * @throws NullPointerException if this optional's value is absent and the supplier returns
198   *     {@code null}
199   */
200  @Beta
201  public abstract T or(Supplier<? extends T> supplier);
202
203  /**
204   * Returns the contained instance if it is present; {@code null} otherwise. If the instance is
205   * known to be present, use {@link #get()} instead.
206   *
207   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
208   * {@code Optional.orElse(null)}.
209   */
210  @Nullable
211  public abstract T orNull();
212
213  /**
214   * Returns an immutable singleton {@link Set} whose only element is the contained instance if it
215   * is present; an empty immutable {@link Set} otherwise.
216   *
217   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
218   * {@code Optional} class. However, this common usage: <pre>   {@code
219   *
220   *   for (Foo foo : possibleFoo.asSet()) {
221   *     doSomethingWith(foo);
222   *   }}</pre>
223   *
224   * ... can be replaced with: <pre>   {@code
225   *
226   *   possibleFoo.ifPresent(foo -> doSomethingWith(foo));}</pre>
227   *
228   * @since 11.0
229   */
230  public abstract Set<T> asSet();
231
232  /**
233   * If the instance is present, it is transformed with the given {@link Function}; otherwise,
234   * {@link Optional#absent} is returned.
235   *
236   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is similar to Java 8's
237   * {@code Optional.map}, except when {@code function} returns {@code null}. In this case this
238   * method throws an exception, whereas the Java 8 method returns {@code Optional.absent()}.
239   *
240   * @throws NullPointerException if the function returns {@code null}
241   * @since 12.0
242   */
243  public abstract <V> Optional<V> transform(Function<? super T, V> function);
244
245  /**
246   * Returns {@code true} if {@code object} is an {@code Optional} instance, and either the
247   * contained references are {@linkplain Object#equals equal} to each other or both are absent.
248   * Note that {@code Optional} instances of differing parameterized types can be equal.
249   *
250   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> no differences.
251   */
252  @Override
253  public abstract boolean equals(@Nullable Object object);
254
255  /**
256   * Returns a hash code for this instance.
257   *
258   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific choice of
259   * hash code unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
260   */
261  @Override
262  public abstract int hashCode();
263
264  /**
265   * Returns a string representation for this instance.
266   *
267   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this class leaves the specific string
268   * representation unspecified, unlike the Java 8 equivalent.
269   */
270  @Override
271  public abstract String toString();
272
273  /**
274   * Returns the value of each present instance from the supplied {@code optionals}, in order,
275   * skipping over occurrences of {@link Optional#absent}. Iterators are unmodifiable and are
276   * evaluated lazily.
277   *
278   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method has no equivalent in Java 8's
279   * {@code Optional} class; use
280   * {@code optionals.stream().filter(Optional::isPresent).map(Optional::get)} instead.
281   *
282   * @since 11.0 (generics widened in 13.0)
283   */
284  @Beta
285  public static <T> Iterable<T> presentInstances(
286      final Iterable<? extends Optional<? extends T>> optionals) {
287    checkNotNull(optionals);
288    return new Iterable<T>() {
289      @Override
290      public Iterator<T> iterator() {
291        return new AbstractIterator<T>() {
292          private final Iterator<? extends Optional<? extends T>> iterator =
293              checkNotNull(optionals.iterator());
294
295          @Override
296          protected T computeNext() {
297            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
298              Optional<? extends T> optional = iterator.next();
299              if (optional.isPresent()) {
300                return optional.get();
301              }
302            }
303            return endOfData();
304          }
305        };
306      }
307    };
308  }
309
310  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
311}