001 /*
002 * Copyright (C) 2010 The Guava Authors
003 *
004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
005 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
006 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
007 *
008 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
009 *
010 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
011 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
012 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
013 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
014 * limitations under the License.
015 */
016
017 package com.google.common.collect;
018
019 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
020 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
021 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkPositionIndex;
022 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
023
024 import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
025 import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
026 import com.google.common.math.IntMath;
027
028 import java.util.AbstractQueue;
029 import java.util.ArrayDeque;
030 import java.util.ArrayList;
031 import java.util.Collection;
032 import java.util.Collections;
033 import java.util.Comparator;
034 import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
035 import java.util.Iterator;
036 import java.util.List;
037 import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
038 import java.util.PriorityQueue;
039 import java.util.Queue;
040
041 /**
042 * A double-ended priority queue, which provides constant-time access to both
043 * its least element and its greatest element, as determined by the queue's
044 * specified comparator. If no comparator is given at construction time, the
045 * natural order of elements is used.
046 *
047 * <p>As a {@link Queue} it functions exactly as a {@link PriorityQueue}: its
048 * head element -- the implicit target of the methods {@link #peek()}, {@link
049 * #poll()} and {@link #remove()} -- is defined as the <i>least</i> element in
050 * the queue according to the queue's comparator. But unlike a regular priority
051 * queue, the methods {@link #peekLast}, {@link #pollLast} and
052 * {@link #removeLast} are also provided, to act on the <i>greatest</i> element
053 * in the queue instead.
054 *
055 * <p>A min-max priority queue can be configured with a maximum size. If so,
056 * each time the size of the queue exceeds that value, the queue automatically
057 * removes its greatest element according to its comparator (which might be the
058 * element that was just added). This is different from conventional bounded
059 * queues, which either block or reject new elements when full.
060 *
061 * <p>This implementation is based on the
062 * <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=6621">min-max heap</a>
063 * developed by Atkinson, et al. Unlike many other double-ended priority queues,
064 * it stores elements in a single array, as compact as the traditional heap data
065 * structure used in {@link PriorityQueue}.
066 *
067 * <p>This class is not thread-safe, and does not accept null elements.
068 *
069 * <p><i>Performance notes:</i>
070 *
071 * <ul>
072 * <li>The retrieval operations {@link #peek}, {@link #peekFirst}, {@link
073 * #peekLast}, {@link #element}, and {@link #size} are constant-time
074 * <li>The enqueing and dequeing operations ({@link #offer}, {@link #add}, and
075 * all the forms of {@link #poll} and {@link #remove()}) run in {@code
076 * O(log n) time}
077 * <li>The {@link #remove(Object)} and {@link #contains} operations require
078 * linear ({@code O(n)}) time
079 * <li>If you only access one end of the queue, and don't use a maximum size,
080 * this class is functionally equivalent to {@link PriorityQueue}, but
081 * significantly slower.
082 * </ul>
083 *
084 * @author Sverre Sundsdal
085 * @author Torbjorn Gannholm
086 * @since 8.0
087 */
088 // TODO(kevinb): GWT compatibility
089 @Beta
090 public final class MinMaxPriorityQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E> {
091
092 /**
093 * Creates a new min-max priority queue with default settings: natural order,
094 * no maximum size, no initial contents, and an initial expected size of 11.
095 */
096 public static <E extends Comparable<E>> MinMaxPriorityQueue<E> create() {
097 return new Builder<Comparable>(Ordering.natural()).create();
098 }
099
100 /**
101 * Creates a new min-max priority queue using natural order, no maximum size,
102 * and initially containing the given elements.
103 */
104 public static <E extends Comparable<E>> MinMaxPriorityQueue<E> create(
105 Iterable<? extends E> initialContents) {
106 return new Builder<E>(Ordering.<E>natural()).create(initialContents);
107 }
108
109 /**
110 * Creates and returns a new builder, configured to build {@code
111 * MinMaxPriorityQueue} instances that use {@code comparator} to determine the
112 * least and greatest elements.
113 */
114 public static <B> Builder<B> orderedBy(Comparator<B> comparator) {
115 return new Builder<B>(comparator);
116 }
117
118 /**
119 * Creates and returns a new builder, configured to build {@code
120 * MinMaxPriorityQueue} instances sized appropriately to hold {@code
121 * expectedSize} elements.
122 */
123 public static Builder<Comparable> expectedSize(int expectedSize) {
124 return new Builder<Comparable>(Ordering.natural())
125 .expectedSize(expectedSize);
126 }
127
128 /**
129 * Creates and returns a new builder, configured to build {@code
130 * MinMaxPriorityQueue} instances that are limited to {@code maximumSize}
131 * elements. Each time a queue grows beyond this bound, it immediately
132 * removes its greatest element (according to its comparator), which might be
133 * the element that was just added.
134 */
135 public static Builder<Comparable> maximumSize(int maximumSize) {
136 return new Builder<Comparable>(Ordering.natural())
137 .maximumSize(maximumSize);
138 }
139
140 /**
141 * The builder class used in creation of min-max priority queues. Instead of
142 * constructing one directly, use {@link
143 * MinMaxPriorityQueue#orderedBy(Comparator)}, {@link
144 * MinMaxPriorityQueue#expectedSize(int)} or {@link
145 * MinMaxPriorityQueue#maximumSize(int)}.
146 *
147 * @param <B> the upper bound on the eventual type that can be produced by
148 * this builder (for example, a {@code Builder<Number>} can produce a
149 * {@code Queue<Number>} or {@code Queue<Integer>} but not a {@code
150 * Queue<Object>}).
151 * @since 8.0
152 */
153 @Beta
154 public static final class Builder<B> {
155 /*
156 * TODO(kevinb): when the dust settles, see if we still need this or can
157 * just default to DEFAULT_CAPACITY.
158 */
159 private static final int UNSET_EXPECTED_SIZE = -1;
160
161 private final Comparator<B> comparator;
162 private int expectedSize = UNSET_EXPECTED_SIZE;
163 private int maximumSize = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
164
165 private Builder(Comparator<B> comparator) {
166 this.comparator = checkNotNull(comparator);
167 }
168
169 /**
170 * Configures this builder to build min-max priority queues with an initial
171 * expected size of {@code expectedSize}.
172 */
173 public Builder<B> expectedSize(int expectedSize) {
174 checkArgument(expectedSize >= 0);
175 this.expectedSize = expectedSize;
176 return this;
177 }
178
179 /**
180 * Configures this builder to build {@code MinMaxPriorityQueue} instances
181 * that are limited to {@code maximumSize} elements. Each time a queue grows
182 * beyond this bound, it immediately removes its greatest element (according
183 * to its comparator), which might be the element that was just added.
184 */
185 public Builder<B> maximumSize(int maximumSize) {
186 checkArgument(maximumSize > 0);
187 this.maximumSize = maximumSize;
188 return this;
189 }
190
191 /**
192 * Builds a new min-max priority queue using the previously specified
193 * options, and having no initial contents.
194 */
195 public <T extends B> MinMaxPriorityQueue<T> create() {
196 return create(Collections.<T>emptySet());
197 }
198
199 /**
200 * Builds a new min-max priority queue using the previously specified
201 * options, and having the given initial elements.
202 */
203 public <T extends B> MinMaxPriorityQueue<T> create(
204 Iterable<? extends T> initialContents) {
205 MinMaxPriorityQueue<T> queue = new MinMaxPriorityQueue<T>(
206 this, initialQueueSize(expectedSize, maximumSize, initialContents));
207 for (T element : initialContents) {
208 queue.offer(element);
209 }
210 return queue;
211 }
212
213 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe "contravariant cast"
214 private <T extends B> Ordering<T> ordering() {
215 return Ordering.from((Comparator<T>) comparator);
216 }
217 }
218
219 private final Heap minHeap;
220 private final Heap maxHeap;
221 @VisibleForTesting final int maximumSize;
222 private Object[] queue;
223 private int size;
224 private int modCount;
225
226 private MinMaxPriorityQueue(Builder<? super E> builder, int queueSize) {
227 Ordering<E> ordering = builder.ordering();
228 this.minHeap = new Heap(ordering);
229 this.maxHeap = new Heap(ordering.reverse());
230 minHeap.otherHeap = maxHeap;
231 maxHeap.otherHeap = minHeap;
232
233 this.maximumSize = builder.maximumSize;
234 // TODO(kevinb): pad?
235 this.queue = new Object[queueSize];
236 }
237
238 @Override public int size() {
239 return size;
240 }
241
242 /**
243 * Adds the given element to this queue. If this queue has a maximum size,
244 * after adding {@code element} the queue will automatically evict its
245 * greatest element (according to its comparator), which may be {@code
246 * element} itself.
247 *
248 * @return {@code true} always
249 */
250 @Override public boolean add(E element) {
251 offer(element);
252 return true;
253 }
254
255 @Override public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> newElements) {
256 boolean modified = false;
257 for (E element : newElements) {
258 offer(element);
259 modified = true;
260 }
261 return modified;
262 }
263
264 /**
265 * Adds the given element to this queue. If this queue has a maximum size,
266 * after adding {@code element} the queue will automatically evict its
267 * greatest element (according to its comparator), which may be {@code
268 * element} itself.
269 */
270 @Override public boolean offer(E element) {
271 checkNotNull(element);
272 modCount++;
273 int insertIndex = size++;
274
275 growIfNeeded();
276
277 // Adds the element to the end of the heap and bubbles it up to the correct
278 // position.
279 heapForIndex(insertIndex).bubbleUp(insertIndex, element);
280 return size <= maximumSize || pollLast() != element;
281 }
282
283 @Override public E poll() {
284 return isEmpty() ? null : removeAndGet(0);
285 }
286
287 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // we must carefully only allow Es to get in
288 E elementData(int index) {
289 return (E) queue[index];
290 }
291
292 @Override public E peek() {
293 return isEmpty() ? null : elementData(0);
294 }
295
296 /**
297 * Returns the index of the max element.
298 */
299 private int getMaxElementIndex() {
300 switch (size) {
301 case 1:
302 return 0; // The lone element in the queue is the maximum.
303 case 2:
304 return 1; // The lone element in the maxHeap is the maximum.
305 default:
306 // The max element must sit on the first level of the maxHeap. It is
307 // actually the *lesser* of the two from the maxHeap's perspective.
308 return (maxHeap.compareElements(1, 2) <= 0) ? 1 : 2;
309 }
310 }
311
312 /**
313 * Removes and returns the least element of this queue, or returns {@code
314 * null} if the queue is empty.
315 */
316 public E pollFirst() {
317 return poll();
318 }
319
320 /**
321 * Removes and returns the least element of this queue.
322 *
323 * @throws NoSuchElementException if the queue is empty
324 */
325 public E removeFirst() {
326 return remove();
327 }
328
329 /**
330 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the least element of this queue, or returns
331 * {@code null} if the queue is empty.
332 */
333 public E peekFirst() {
334 return peek();
335 }
336
337 /**
338 * Removes and returns the greatest element of this queue, or returns {@code
339 * null} if the queue is empty.
340 */
341 public E pollLast() {
342 return isEmpty() ? null : removeAndGet(getMaxElementIndex());
343 }
344
345 /**
346 * Removes and returns the greatest element of this queue.
347 *
348 * @throws NoSuchElementException if the queue is empty
349 */
350 public E removeLast() {
351 if (isEmpty()) {
352 throw new NoSuchElementException();
353 }
354 return removeAndGet(getMaxElementIndex());
355 }
356
357 /**
358 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the greatest element of this queue, or
359 * returns {@code null} if the queue is empty.
360 */
361 public E peekLast() {
362 return isEmpty() ? null : elementData(getMaxElementIndex());
363 }
364
365 /**
366 * Removes the element at position {@code index}.
367 *
368 * <p>Normally this method leaves the elements at up to {@code index - 1},
369 * inclusive, untouched. Under these circumstances, it returns {@code null}.
370 *
371 * <p>Occasionally, in order to maintain the heap invariant, it must swap a
372 * later element of the list with one before {@code index}. Under these
373 * circumstances it returns a pair of elements as a {@link MoveDesc}. The
374 * first one is the element that was previously at the end of the heap and is
375 * now at some position before {@code index}. The second element is the one
376 * that was swapped down to replace the element at {@code index}. This fact is
377 * used by iterator.remove so as to visit elements during a traversal once and
378 * only once.
379 */
380 @VisibleForTesting MoveDesc<E> removeAt(int index) {
381 checkPositionIndex(index, size);
382 modCount++;
383 size--;
384 if (size == index) {
385 queue[size] = null;
386 return null;
387 }
388 E actualLastElement = elementData(size);
389 int lastElementAt = heapForIndex(size)
390 .getCorrectLastElement(actualLastElement);
391 E toTrickle = elementData(size);
392 queue[size] = null;
393 MoveDesc<E> changes = fillHole(index, toTrickle);
394 if (lastElementAt < index) {
395 // Last element is moved to before index, swapped with trickled element.
396 if (changes == null) {
397 // The trickled element is still after index.
398 return new MoveDesc<E>(actualLastElement, toTrickle);
399 } else {
400 // The trickled element is back before index, but the replaced element
401 // has now been moved after index.
402 return new MoveDesc<E>(actualLastElement, changes.replaced);
403 }
404 }
405 // Trickled element was after index to begin with, no adjustment needed.
406 return changes;
407 }
408
409 private MoveDesc<E> fillHole(int index, E toTrickle) {
410 Heap heap = heapForIndex(index);
411 // We consider elementData(index) a "hole", and we want to fill it
412 // with the last element of the heap, toTrickle.
413 // Since the last element of the heap is from the bottom level, we
414 // optimistically fill index position with elements from lower levels,
415 // moving the hole down. In most cases this reduces the number of
416 // comparisons with toTrickle, but in some cases we will need to bubble it
417 // all the way up again.
418 int vacated = heap.fillHoleAt(index);
419 // Try to see if toTrickle can be bubbled up min levels.
420 int bubbledTo = heap.bubbleUpAlternatingLevels(vacated, toTrickle);
421 if (bubbledTo == vacated) {
422 // Could not bubble toTrickle up min levels, try moving
423 // it from min level to max level (or max to min level) and bubble up
424 // there.
425 return heap.tryCrossOverAndBubbleUp(index, vacated, toTrickle);
426 } else {
427 return (bubbledTo < index)
428 ? new MoveDesc<E>(toTrickle, elementData(index))
429 : null;
430 }
431 }
432
433 // Returned from removeAt() to iterator.remove()
434 static class MoveDesc<E> {
435 final E toTrickle;
436 final E replaced;
437
438 MoveDesc(E toTrickle, E replaced) {
439 this.toTrickle = toTrickle;
440 this.replaced = replaced;
441 }
442 }
443
444 /**
445 * Removes and returns the value at {@code index}.
446 */
447 private E removeAndGet(int index) {
448 E value = elementData(index);
449 removeAt(index);
450 return value;
451 }
452
453 private Heap heapForIndex(int i) {
454 return isEvenLevel(i) ? minHeap : maxHeap;
455 }
456
457 private static final int EVEN_POWERS_OF_TWO = 0x55555555;
458 private static final int ODD_POWERS_OF_TWO = 0xaaaaaaaa;
459
460 @VisibleForTesting static boolean isEvenLevel(int index) {
461 int oneBased = index + 1;
462 checkState(oneBased > 0, "negative index");
463 return (oneBased & EVEN_POWERS_OF_TWO) > (oneBased & ODD_POWERS_OF_TWO);
464 }
465
466 /**
467 * Returns {@code true} if the MinMax heap structure holds. This is only used
468 * in testing.
469 *
470 * TODO(kevinb): move to the test class?
471 */
472 @VisibleForTesting boolean isIntact() {
473 for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
474 if (!heapForIndex(i).verifyIndex(i)) {
475 return false;
476 }
477 }
478 return true;
479 }
480
481 /**
482 * Each instance of MinMaxPriortyQueue encapsulates two instances of Heap:
483 * a min-heap and a max-heap. Conceptually, these might each have their own
484 * array for storage, but for efficiency's sake they are stored interleaved on
485 * alternate heap levels in the same array (MMPQ.queue).
486 */
487 private class Heap {
488 final Ordering<E> ordering;
489 Heap otherHeap;
490
491 Heap(Ordering<E> ordering) {
492 this.ordering = ordering;
493 }
494
495 int compareElements(int a, int b) {
496 return ordering.compare(elementData(a), elementData(b));
497 }
498
499 /**
500 * Tries to move {@code toTrickle} from a min to a max level and
501 * bubble up there. If it moved before {@code removeIndex} this method
502 * returns a pair as described in {@link #removeAt}.
503 */
504 MoveDesc<E> tryCrossOverAndBubbleUp(
505 int removeIndex, int vacated, E toTrickle) {
506 int crossOver = crossOver(vacated, toTrickle);
507 if (crossOver == vacated) {
508 return null;
509 }
510 // Successfully crossed over from min to max.
511 // Bubble up max levels.
512 E parent;
513 // If toTrickle is moved up to a parent of removeIndex, the parent is
514 // placed in removeIndex position. We must return that to the iterator so
515 // that it knows to skip it.
516 if (crossOver < removeIndex) {
517 // We crossed over to the parent level in crossOver, so the parent
518 // has already been moved.
519 parent = elementData(removeIndex);
520 } else {
521 parent = elementData(getParentIndex(removeIndex));
522 }
523 // bubble it up the opposite heap
524 if (otherHeap.bubbleUpAlternatingLevels(crossOver, toTrickle)
525 < removeIndex) {
526 return new MoveDesc<E>(toTrickle, parent);
527 } else {
528 return null;
529 }
530 }
531
532 /**
533 * Bubbles a value from {@code index} up the appropriate heap if required.
534 */
535 void bubbleUp(int index, E x) {
536 int crossOver = crossOverUp(index, x);
537
538 Heap heap;
539 if (crossOver == index) {
540 heap = this;
541 } else {
542 index = crossOver;
543 heap = otherHeap;
544 }
545 heap.bubbleUpAlternatingLevels(index, x);
546 }
547
548 /**
549 * Bubbles a value from {@code index} up the levels of this heap, and
550 * returns the index the element ended up at.
551 */
552 int bubbleUpAlternatingLevels(int index, E x) {
553 while (index > 2) {
554 int grandParentIndex = getGrandparentIndex(index);
555 E e = elementData(grandParentIndex);
556 if (ordering.compare(e, x) <= 0) {
557 break;
558 }
559 queue[index] = e;
560 index = grandParentIndex;
561 }
562 queue[index] = x;
563 return index;
564 }
565
566 /**
567 * Returns the index of minimum value between {@code index} and
568 * {@code index + len}, or {@code -1} if {@code index} is greater than
569 * {@code size}.
570 */
571 int findMin(int index, int len) {
572 if (index >= size) {
573 return -1;
574 }
575 checkState(index > 0);
576 int limit = Math.min(index, size - len) + len;
577 int minIndex = index;
578 for (int i = index + 1; i < limit; i++) {
579 if (compareElements(i, minIndex) < 0) {
580 minIndex = i;
581 }
582 }
583 return minIndex;
584 }
585
586 /**
587 * Returns the minimum child or {@code -1} if no child exists.
588 */
589 int findMinChild(int index) {
590 return findMin(getLeftChildIndex(index), 2);
591 }
592
593 /**
594 * Returns the minimum grand child or -1 if no grand child exists.
595 */
596 int findMinGrandChild(int index) {
597 int leftChildIndex = getLeftChildIndex(index);
598 if (leftChildIndex < 0) {
599 return -1;
600 }
601 return findMin(getLeftChildIndex(leftChildIndex), 4);
602 }
603
604 /**
605 * Moves an element one level up from a min level to a max level
606 * (or vice versa).
607 * Returns the new position of the element.
608 */
609 int crossOverUp(int index, E x) {
610 if (index == 0) {
611 queue[0] = x;
612 return 0;
613 }
614 int parentIndex = getParentIndex(index);
615 E parentElement = elementData(parentIndex);
616 if (parentIndex != 0) {
617 // This is a guard for the case of the childless uncle.
618 // Since the end of the array is actually the middle of the heap,
619 // a smaller childless uncle can become a child of x when we
620 // bubble up alternate levels, violating the invariant.
621 int grandparentIndex = getParentIndex(parentIndex);
622 int uncleIndex = getRightChildIndex(grandparentIndex);
623 if (uncleIndex != parentIndex
624 && getLeftChildIndex(uncleIndex) >= size) {
625 E uncleElement = elementData(uncleIndex);
626 if (ordering.compare(uncleElement, parentElement) < 0) {
627 parentIndex = uncleIndex;
628 parentElement = uncleElement;
629 }
630 }
631 }
632 if (ordering.compare(parentElement, x) < 0) {
633 queue[index] = parentElement;
634 queue[parentIndex] = x;
635 return parentIndex;
636 }
637 queue[index] = x;
638 return index;
639 }
640
641 /**
642 * Returns the conceptually correct last element of the heap.
643 *
644 * <p>Since the last element of the array is actually in the
645 * middle of the sorted structure, a childless uncle node could be
646 * smaller, which would corrupt the invariant if this element
647 * becomes the new parent of the uncle. In that case, we first
648 * switch the last element with its uncle, before returning.
649 */
650 int getCorrectLastElement(E actualLastElement) {
651 int parentIndex = getParentIndex(size);
652 if (parentIndex != 0) {
653 int grandparentIndex = getParentIndex(parentIndex);
654 int uncleIndex = getRightChildIndex(grandparentIndex);
655 if (uncleIndex != parentIndex
656 && getLeftChildIndex(uncleIndex) >= size) {
657 E uncleElement = elementData(uncleIndex);
658 if (ordering.compare(uncleElement, actualLastElement) < 0) {
659 queue[uncleIndex] = actualLastElement;
660 queue[size] = uncleElement;
661 return uncleIndex;
662 }
663 }
664 }
665 return size;
666 }
667
668 /**
669 * Crosses an element over to the opposite heap by moving it one level down
670 * (or up if there are no elements below it).
671 *
672 * Returns the new position of the element.
673 */
674 int crossOver(int index, E x) {
675 int minChildIndex = findMinChild(index);
676 // TODO(kevinb): split the && into two if's and move crossOverUp so it's
677 // only called when there's no child.
678 if ((minChildIndex > 0)
679 && (ordering.compare(elementData(minChildIndex), x) < 0)) {
680 queue[index] = elementData(minChildIndex);
681 queue[minChildIndex] = x;
682 return minChildIndex;
683 }
684 return crossOverUp(index, x);
685 }
686
687 /**
688 * Fills the hole at {@code index} by moving in the least of its
689 * grandchildren to this position, then recursively filling the new hole
690 * created.
691 *
692 * @return the position of the new hole (where the lowest grandchild moved
693 * from, that had no grandchild to replace it)
694 */
695 int fillHoleAt(int index) {
696 int minGrandchildIndex;
697 while ((minGrandchildIndex = findMinGrandChild(index)) > 0) {
698 queue[index] = elementData(minGrandchildIndex);
699 index = minGrandchildIndex;
700 }
701 return index;
702 }
703
704 private boolean verifyIndex(int i) {
705 if ((getLeftChildIndex(i) < size)
706 && (compareElements(i, getLeftChildIndex(i)) > 0)) {
707 return false;
708 }
709 if ((getRightChildIndex(i) < size)
710 && (compareElements(i, getRightChildIndex(i)) > 0)) {
711 return false;
712 }
713 if ((i > 0) && (compareElements(i, getParentIndex(i)) > 0)) {
714 return false;
715 }
716 if ((i > 2) && (compareElements(getGrandparentIndex(i), i) > 0)) {
717 return false;
718 }
719 return true;
720 }
721
722 // These would be static if inner classes could have static members.
723
724 private int getLeftChildIndex(int i) {
725 return i * 2 + 1;
726 }
727
728 private int getRightChildIndex(int i) {
729 return i * 2 + 2;
730 }
731
732 private int getParentIndex(int i) {
733 return (i - 1) / 2;
734 }
735
736 private int getGrandparentIndex(int i) {
737 return getParentIndex(getParentIndex(i)); // (i - 3) / 4
738 }
739 }
740
741 /**
742 * Iterates the elements of the queue in no particular order.
743 *
744 * If the underlying queue is modified during iteration an exception will be
745 * thrown.
746 */
747 private class QueueIterator implements Iterator<E> {
748 private int cursor = -1;
749 private int expectedModCount = modCount;
750 private Queue<E> forgetMeNot;
751 private List<E> skipMe;
752 private E lastFromForgetMeNot;
753 private boolean canRemove;
754
755 @Override public boolean hasNext() {
756 checkModCount();
757 return (nextNotInSkipMe(cursor + 1) < size())
758 || ((forgetMeNot != null) && !forgetMeNot.isEmpty());
759 }
760
761 @Override public E next() {
762 checkModCount();
763 int tempCursor = nextNotInSkipMe(cursor + 1);
764 if (tempCursor < size()) {
765 cursor = tempCursor;
766 canRemove = true;
767 return elementData(cursor);
768 } else if (forgetMeNot != null) {
769 cursor = size();
770 lastFromForgetMeNot = forgetMeNot.poll();
771 if (lastFromForgetMeNot != null) {
772 canRemove = true;
773 return lastFromForgetMeNot;
774 }
775 }
776 throw new NoSuchElementException(
777 "iterator moved past last element in queue.");
778 }
779
780 @Override public void remove() {
781 checkState(canRemove,
782 "no calls to remove() since the last call to next()");
783 checkModCount();
784 canRemove = false;
785 expectedModCount++;
786 if (cursor < size()) {
787 MoveDesc<E> moved = removeAt(cursor);
788 if (moved != null) {
789 if (forgetMeNot == null) {
790 forgetMeNot = new ArrayDeque<E>();
791 skipMe = new ArrayList<E>(3);
792 }
793 forgetMeNot.add(moved.toTrickle);
794 skipMe.add(moved.replaced);
795 }
796 cursor--;
797 } else { // we must have set lastFromForgetMeNot in next()
798 checkState(removeExact(lastFromForgetMeNot));
799 lastFromForgetMeNot = null;
800 }
801 }
802
803 // Finds only this exact instance, not others that are equals()
804 private boolean containsExact(Iterable<E> elements, E target) {
805 for (E element : elements) {
806 if (element == target) {
807 return true;
808 }
809 }
810 return false;
811 }
812
813 // Removes only this exact instance, not others that are equals()
814 boolean removeExact(Object target) {
815 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
816 if (queue[i] == target) {
817 removeAt(i);
818 return true;
819 }
820 }
821 return false;
822 }
823
824 void checkModCount() {
825 if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
826 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
827 }
828 }
829
830 /**
831 * Returns the index of the first element after {@code c} that is not in
832 * {@code skipMe} and returns {@code size()} if there is no such element.
833 */
834 private int nextNotInSkipMe(int c) {
835 if (skipMe != null) {
836 while (c < size() && containsExact(skipMe, elementData(c))) {
837 c++;
838 }
839 }
840 return c;
841 }
842 }
843
844 /**
845 * Returns an iterator over the elements contained in this collection,
846 * <i>in no particular order</i>.
847 *
848 * <p>The iterator is <i>fail-fast</i>: If the MinMaxPriorityQueue is modified
849 * at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the
850 * iterator's own remove method, the iterator will generally throw a
851 * {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of concurrent
852 * modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
853 * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the
854 * future.
855 *
856 * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
857 * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
858 * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
859 * throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
860 * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
861 * exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
862 * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
863 *
864 * @return an iterator over the elements contained in this collection
865 */
866 @Override public Iterator<E> iterator() {
867 return new QueueIterator();
868 }
869
870 @Override public void clear() {
871 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
872 queue[i] = null;
873 }
874 size = 0;
875 }
876
877 @Override public Object[] toArray() {
878 Object[] copyTo = new Object[size];
879 System.arraycopy(queue, 0, copyTo, 0, size);
880 return copyTo;
881 }
882
883 /**
884 * Returns the comparator used to order the elements in this queue. Obeys the
885 * general contract of {@link PriorityQueue#comparator}, but returns {@link
886 * Ordering#natural} instead of {@code null} to indicate natural ordering.
887 */
888 public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
889 return minHeap.ordering;
890 }
891
892 @VisibleForTesting int capacity() {
893 return queue.length;
894 }
895
896 // Size/capacity-related methods
897
898 private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 11;
899
900 @VisibleForTesting static int initialQueueSize(int configuredExpectedSize,
901 int maximumSize, Iterable<?> initialContents) {
902 // Start with what they said, if they said it, otherwise DEFAULT_CAPACITY
903 int result = (configuredExpectedSize == Builder.UNSET_EXPECTED_SIZE)
904 ? DEFAULT_CAPACITY
905 : configuredExpectedSize;
906
907 // Enlarge to contain initial contents
908 if (initialContents instanceof Collection) {
909 int initialSize = ((Collection<?>) initialContents).size();
910 result = Math.max(result, initialSize);
911 }
912
913 // Now cap it at maxSize + 1
914 return capAtMaximumSize(result, maximumSize);
915 }
916
917 private void growIfNeeded() {
918 if (size > queue.length) {
919 int newCapacity = calculateNewCapacity();
920 Object[] newQueue = new Object[newCapacity];
921 System.arraycopy(queue, 0, newQueue, 0, queue.length);
922 queue = newQueue;
923 }
924 }
925
926 /** Returns ~2x the old capacity if small; ~1.5x otherwise. */
927 private int calculateNewCapacity() {
928 int oldCapacity = queue.length;
929 int newCapacity = (oldCapacity < 64)
930 ? (oldCapacity + 1) * 2
931 : IntMath.checkedMultiply(oldCapacity / 2, 3);
932 return capAtMaximumSize(newCapacity, maximumSize);
933 }
934
935 /** There's no reason for the queueSize to ever be more than maxSize + 1 */
936 private static int capAtMaximumSize(int queueSize, int maximumSize) {
937 return Math.min(queueSize - 1, maximumSize) + 1; // don't overflow
938 }
939 }